Baltimore & Ohio Railroad v. Rudy

Pearce, J., delivered the opinion' of the Court. This is defendant’s appeal from a judgment rendered against it in the Circuit Court for Allegany County in an action brought by the plaintiff to recover damages for injuries received while a passenger on the defendant’s railroad. *52 The first question arises upon a demurrer to the declaration, which was overruled. After stating the relations of the parties on the occasion mentioned to be those of passenger and common carrier, from Washington towards Green Spring, W. Va., the declaration made the following averments: “Several of the passengers on said train, congregated together in several seats in front of the plaintiff, were, and for a long time prior, to the injury complained of, had been engaged in drinking, ccurousing, and acting m a disorderly manner, to the disturbance of all persons in said ear except those so engaged in drinking and carousing, to such an extent that the safety of the plaintiff and other passengers in said car was. endangered, and that said drinking and carousing was done with the knowledge and permission of the defendant’s employees in charge of said train; that said persons drinking as aforesaid had consumed many bottles of beer .and whiskey to such an extent that they became drunken, and were for a long time prior to the injury complained of, tlwowing said bottles from the car windows, towards the east-bound track of defendant’s railway, upon which trams were passing or likely to pass, to the knowledge of the defendant company, its servants and agents, so as to be a menace to the safety of the plaintiff and other passengers: * * * and that while drinking and acting as aforesaid, and after said passengers had been so drinking and acting, and throwing said bottles from the car windows for a long time prior to the injury complained of, one of said passengers, so congregated and drinking as aforesaid, threw a beer bottle from the car window towards the east-bound track of the defendant’s railway, on which, to the knowledge of the defendant and its employees trains were passing or likely to pass the said train, which said drinking, carousing and throwing of bottles, the said defendant company, its agents and servants, knew, or by the exercise of ordinary care and caution could have known (but) made no effort to stop or prohibit: and said bottle so thrown as aforesaid, without the negligence of *53 the plaintiff, and while he was using due care and caution on his part, struck a train passing on said east-bound track and rebounded through the window of the seat' in which the plaintiff was, and pieces of said bottle, which was broken when it struck said passing train, hit said plaintiff on the face, and grievously injured the eye of the plaintiff and otherwise bruised and cut bim, which said injuries were then and there caused by the negligence of the said defendant company, its agents and servants, and could have been prevented by said defendant company, its agents and servants by the use of due care in providing proper and sufficient protection for the said plaintiff and other passengers on said train.” The contention of the appellant as to the insufficiency of this declaration, in the exact language of his brief, is (1) “'that it does not allege that the defendant, or its employees, knew, or with the exercise of ordinary care and caution, could have known of the alleged drinking, disorderly conduct and the throwing of bottles from a window of the car, long enough before the injury to have prevented the throwing of the bottles, the broken piece of which is alleged to have entered the window of a car at which the plaintiff sat, and to have entered his eye and caused the injury complained of; and (2) because the declaration contains no allegation that the drinking, disorder and throwing of bottles out of the window as alleged, was of such a character as that the defendant or its employees had reason to anticipóte that such an accident, or any accident from such cause, and consequent injury might occur.” In P., B. & W. R. R. v. Allen, 102 Md. 113, where the declaration was drawn in question under a demurrer to a plea, this Court speaking through Ohtee Judge MgSherky, said: “It is the breach of the duty which is owed, that constitutes the cause of action. The particular circumstances which evidence that breach are not the breach itself, blit are merely tbe facts which prove that a breach of the duty which was owed had occurred. In the structure of *54 pleadings, even in their strictest foiuns before the introduction of modem simplified systems, it was a most important principle 'of the law of pleading that although any particular fact might be the gist of a party’s case and though the statement of it was indispensible, still in alleging the fact it was unnecessary to state such circumstances as merely tended to prove the truth of the fact alleged. The dry allegation of the fact, without detailing a variety of. minute circumstances which constituted the evidence of it was sufficient. 1 Chitty’s Pl., 8 Amer. Ed., mar. p. 225. And this doctrine obtains today when much of the verbiage .and nearly all of the technical precision once required in pleading has been abandoned. As only the facts constituting the cause of action need be stated, it is a cardinal rule that they must he averred or set forth with certainty, by which term is signified a clear and distinct statement of them so that they may be understood by the party who is to answer them, by the jury who are to ascertain the truth of the allegations, and by the Court who are to give judgment. I Chitty’s Pl., 8 Amer. Ed., mar. p. 233.” How the declaration before us might perhaps have been more concisely drawn, but if it complies with the requisites above stated, it cannot be condemned because of the style or .order in which these requisites have been averred. Stripping it then, of the alleged repetition and confusion which the appellant claims “resulted in a paper ruáis indigestaque moles, so confusing and vague as to render it almost impossible for the ordinary mind to grasp,” and making a simple analysis of its language, it will he seen that it states that the defendant was a common carrier of passengers between certain named points on its road; that the plaintiff was a passenger on the day stated between said points; and it was then and there the .duty of the defendant to carry the plaintiff safely to his destination; that the defendant and its employees for a long time prior to the injury complained of, knowingly permitted certain other passengers to indulge in *55 drinking and disorderly conduct, and to throw bottles, of beer out of the car windows, thereby endangering the safety of other passengers; that one of the bottles so thrown out of said window struck a passing train, and broke, and a piece of said broken bottle rebounded, entered the window where plaintiff was sitting, in the exercise of due care, and cut and injured his eye, and finally that said injuries were caused by the negligence of the defendant and its employees, in permitting for so long a time said disorderly conduct, and that his injury could have been prevented by the defendant and its employees, by the use of due care in providing proper and sufficient protection for the plaintiff and other passengers on said train. Taken together, these averments distinctly state a specific duty owed by the carrier to the passenger, viz, to protect him from known and obvious danger from the disorderly conduct of other passengers, and a breach of that duty, after knowledge of such disorderly conduct, by the negligent failure to control and suppress such disorder, whereby the plaintiff was injured. The vice of the appellant’s argument is that in order to state a good cause of action, the declaration should contain not only the specific allegation of the throwing of the particular bottle which caused the injury, but the further allegation that the intention to throw that particular bottle was foreseen, by the defendant’s employees at the time of its commission, or could have been, by the exercise of due care, foreseen by them long enough in advance of the actual throwing of that bottle to have enabled them to pre-vent such throwing of it, and thus to have prevented the injury to the plaintiff. If this argument were sound, then defendants could have stood by during the whole time that it is alleged in the declaration these disorderly passengers were engaged in drinking and throwing bottles out of the window, without interposing, until they could see that the particular bottle about to be thrown was to be thrown in *56 such a manner or under such circumstances as were likely to inflict some injury upon some one; of to carry the illustration further, but not beyond its logical limits, if, instead of throwing bottles about, these parties had been handling pistols in a careless and reckless manner, the defendant’s employees would have been under no obligation to interfere until it was apparent some one was about actually to discharge a pistol. It would not be rational to require knowledge or-means of knowledge of the particular act by which injury might be inflicted. All that can be required is knowledge or means of knowledge of such disorderly or reckless conduct as is likely to result in injury in some.manner to others, if permitted to continue. The fact that the bottle which caused this injury struck a passing train, instead of striking some part of the window frame through which it was thrown, does not at all affect the question. The danger of striking something, and scattering broken glass, was inherent in the reckless throwing of bottles through the window, and the probability of striking the car window was far greater than that of striking ¿ passing train. Judge Mc'Sherry, in discussing the liability of a carrier to a passenger when intervening acts of fellow passengers or strangers-directly cause the injury sustained, said in Tall v. Steam Packet Co., 90 Md. 253: “The independent misconduct of a third party, furnishes a ground of action against the carrier only when the carrier, or his servants could have prevented the injury, but failed to interfere to avert it; * * * the negligence for which, in such cases, the carrier is responsible, is not the tout of the fellow passenger or stranger, but it is the negligent omission of the carrier’s servants to prevent that tort from being committed. The failure or omission to prevent the commission of the tort, to be a negligent failure or omission, must be a failure or an omission to do something which could have been done by the servant; and, therefore, there is involved the essential ingredient, that the servant had knowledge, or with proper care could *57 have had knowledge that the tort was imminent, and that he had that knowledge, or had the opportunity to acquire it, sufficiently long in advance of its infliction to have prevented it with the force at his command.” In that case, relied on by the appellant here, the affray was a sudden one, and the captain of the steamer interposed vigorously upon the first intimation of danger, but was unable to prevent the blow by one party and the immediate shot in reply, and hence the carrier was declared not liable, as the carrier was in the case of Pittsburg & Fort Wayne R. R. v. Hinds, 53 Pa. St. 512, also relied on by this appellant, where a mob unexpectedly boarded a train at a station, and the evidence showed it was impracticable for the conductor to keep them off, with the train force ordinarily adequate for the preservation of order. In United Railways v. Deane, 93 Md. 626, the Court said: “It will not do to say, after an assault has been made, that the servants of the carrier did not know or could not have foreseen that the particular individual who was assaulted, would be injured by an assault, if they were apprised, or with proper care, could have known, of circumstances which indicated that some one would (or might) be injured unless the disorderly passenger or stranger were ejected or controlled.” The declaration in the case before us distinctly alleges that the acts of disorder which finally resulted in the injury of the plaintiff were indulged in “for a long time prior to the injury complained of”, and could have been prevented by the use of due care and by providing proper and sufficient protection for the passengers on the train. This averment, we think, is equivalei{J^i!> an averment that the defendant’s servants had the opportunity to know of the imminent danger impending, sufficiently long in advance to have averted it by interposing the authority with which they were vested over their passengers, so without further prolonging the discussion of that question we are of opinion the demurrer to the declaration was properly overruled. There were two exceptions to the rulings on the evidence. *58 The plaintiff, on cross-examination, stated that he had made no complaint to any of the trainmen about the disorder, because he did not think it was his place and it did not occur to him that he would be injured. He was then asked why he thought it was the duty of the trainmen to interfere, and the plaintiff’s objection to this question being sustained, (the first exception was taken to this ruling. Any answer to this question would only have elicited the opinion of the witness, as to the legal obligation resting upon the defendant, and therefore would not have been properly admissible as evidence. The purpose of this question was not to impeach or discredit the witness, to disclose prejudice or bias, or to test his truthfulness or accuracy as to any fact in issue, but merely to elicit his opinion upon a matter of law, and we can discover no error in this ruling. When Mrs. Hamilton was on the stand she testified, on her direct examination, to seeing a number of persons drinking in the combination coach, and on being asked by plaintiff’s counsel whether this was on the down trip in the morning, or the return trip in ithe evening, she answered before there-was opportunity to object, that it was going down, and objection was then made to the allowance of that answer. The plaintiff then stated it would be shown that these conditions practically continued all the time on the down trip for such a length of time that they were or must have been known to the trainmen, whereupon ifche objection was overruled, and the second exception was taken. It must be remembered' that it appears from the evidence the parties who were drinking and throwing out bottles on the down trip, were the same who were<ij^ngaged on the return trip, and their conduct in the morning before any actual injury resulted therefrom, threw light on what occurred from their continued conduct on the return trip, and bore materially upon the inquiry whether danger ought not to have been known to or anticipated by the defendant’s servants by the repetition of such conduct. *59 We think this ruling was correct. At the close of the plaintiff's case, a prayer was offered that there was no legally sufficient evidence of negligence by the defendant which was the direct proximate cause of the injury to the plaintiff and their verdict must be for the defendant. This was rejected, but was renewed at the close of the whole- case and was again rejected, so that it becomes necessary to examine the testimony in detail. The plaintiff, a resident of Romney, West Virginia, testified that on June 11th, 1911, he was a passenger upon an excursion train from Romney to AVashington, D. C., and return, leaving Romney between six and seven o’clock in the morning, arriving at AVashington about the middle of the day, and leaving there on the return trip about seven o’clock in the evening. He further testified that on the down trip he was in a combination baggage -and passenger car, and the (train was crowded. That there were a number of persons on that car who were drinking, and had a basket or box containing bottles of beer on ice, and which they replenished from time to time from a sack near the door, or on the platform, and' that as the bottles were emptied they were thrown out of the door of the baggage- car where the drinking was going on. The basket or box was refilled twice, to his knowledge, on the down trip. On the return trip, the train was again crowded, and he got a seat in one of the passenger oars, and after he- sat down he “sívw this same crowd drinking and carrying on. They were pretty boisterous, and kept drinking, and were continually drinking until I was hurt. Somebody, was drinking all the time, and they were throwing the bottles out of the windows, and tussling quite a bit.” Ho was sitting on the left side of the ear next to the east-bound track. The party engaged in drinking were ahead of him in the ear; two seats were turned together and the brer was in a basket or box between the seats, and this was filled as before from time to time. As the bottles were emptied they were thrown *60 out- of the ear window. This was done a number of times. They would hold the bottles in their hands, take a drink, after a while drink more, and throw the empty bottles from the window. They were swearing pretty loud, pulling one another around, and using rough language not fit to be heard by' the women who were in the car. He said “I seen the party who threw the bottle out when I was hurt. He got up in his seat before he threw it, and I heard the bottle when it struck the train, and something struck me in the eye, just as it struck the train.” His eye was severely and permanently injured, and he continued to suffer much pain, arid was disabled from business entirely for two and a half months. A trainman, either conductor or brakeman, came through the train before he was injured and examined his ticket, and he said there was no- time before he was hurt, that this drinking was not going on. On cross-examination he said there were eight or fen in that party occupying several seats ahead of him, and that as near ás' he could tell he was hurt about half an hour after leaving Washington; that he only knew one of the party by name, Mr.'Wilson, and he was not the one who threw the bottle when he was hurt. The window in his own seat was up when he was hurt. He did not complain to any of the train crew of the disorder, and he did not think of being injured. He said at the same moment he saw the bottle thrown and heard it strike, something struck -and cut his eye, but the pain was so severe at first he did not at once realize what it was. A freight train was passing and the bottle struck one of the cárs, and a jriece of glass came through the window and cut his eye. Dr. Wilson, who treated his eye, testified'that thé córnea or eye ball was cut through by some sharp substance, and that in his-opinion he would eventually lose that eye. A. H. Glower, who was on the train, gave substantially the same account of the drinking. He stated he knew the plaintiff, that he heard a crash like a bottle thrown from the window, and Mrs. Hamilton said' Mr. Rudy was struck in *61 the eye, and lie looked and saw him holding his hand to his eye. A. T\r. Heishman corroborated Glower, as to the constant drinking and throwing of bottles, but did not see the accident. Mrs. Hamilton knew the plaintiff and occupied the same car with him both on the down trip and return trip, and saw the drinking and, disorderly conduct on both occasions. Tier testimony is more specific than that of any other witness to the accident and the circumstances that occasioned it. She was able to name three of the men engaged in drinking, on the down trip, anil who were from near her home, in Peters-burg, West Virginia. She said they had beer on the floor at their feet, and; that she saw either the conductor or brakeman pass through the car while they were drinking, but she did not then notice any bottles thrown from the window or door of the combination car. On the return trip in the passenger coach she knew Wilson and Carter as two of those engaged in drinking. Others whom she did not know were drinking with these men, and AYilson and Carter were trying to force a young couple near them to drink with them. She saw Mr. Garter throw a bottle from the train, and said “'That was the bottle that struck Mr. Rudy when he was hurt. I turned round in my seat facing my sister who was directly behind me, and I saw Mr. Carter get up on his feet and throw the bottle out of the window, and almost instantly I saw Mr. Rudy clap bis band over his eye and commenced to moan and groan and I knew he was hurt.” Asked whether a train was passing at that time, she replied “I canff say whether the train was moving or standing still, because ive were going so fast I could noit tell.” She said however, expressly, that there was a train on the other track and that the bottle was thrown out on that side, and she heard a loud crush, as of broken glass. On cross-examination she said she was sitting on the right-hand side of the car near the front, and Wilson and Garter *62 were several seats behind her on the same side of the car. Rudy was on the left side of the car further back than she was. When Carter threw the bottle she saw, he rose, went into the aisle, and threw it out on the left. She said she did not remember whether the conductor or brakeman was in that car at that time. Grover Cline, who was on the excursion train, and during part of the time in the same car with plaintiff on the return trip, and just in front of him, testified that the conductor or brakeman came through the train before the' accident; that he remembered this because there were four men standing at the door of the car in which his family was, drinking from a quart bottle of whiskey, and the train man came through, and took one of them by the shoulders,' and shook him, and passed on, into the car. He knew him as a trainman by his uniform. The family of this witness was in the car behind, but he went back and forth from that car to the one in which plaintiff was. The accident occurred somewhere between Washington and Harpers Ferry. Here the plaintiff rested and -the defendant offered a prayer “that there was no legally sufficient evidence of negligence by the defendant in this case, which was the direct proximate cause of the injury to the plaintiff and their verdict must be for the defendant,” which was rejected, and defendant then proceeded to offer its evidence. Thomas Rogan, conductor of the train from Cumberland to Washington and return, testified that the train crew consisted of himself, bkakeman Smith and fiagman Light: besides, of course, the engineer and fireman. That on the return trip he commenced taking up and examining tickets on the front car, working back, and Smith did the same commencing on the rear car and they met about the middle of the train about near Gaithersburg, and about 35 to 40 minutes after leaving Washington, 23 miles from Gaithersburg. There were thirteen passenger coaches on the train, with about 800 passengers, that he saw no liquor of any kind on the train, and no drinking or disorderly conduct, *63 and heard no swearing or improper language used; that he did not know Mr. Bndy at that time/and heard nothing of any disorderly conduct or accident that evening. On cross-examination he said the rear brakeman stayed on the rear car, when not flagging, and did not go through the train at all, and he himself staid on the front car when not taking up tickets, and that he went through the first seven coaches several times between Washington and Cumberland, but not once through the six rear coaches, which the brakeman attended to. Brakeman Smith testified that he worked the rear end of the train taking up and examining tickets, and met the conductor about the seventh car near Gaithersburg, that he went twice that evening through the4 entire train and saw no one drinking and no throwing of bottles or disorder of any kind. The crowd was an orderly crowd. Was not on the train going down. Mr. Light, the rear- brakeman, was engaged in his duties, did not go through the train .at all, and knew nothing material to the case. John B. Carter testified that he lived at Bomney, and was a conductor or engineinan on the Hampshire Southern Bail-road which runs south from the Baltimore and Ohio Bail-road at Bomney, hut that he was a passenger that day from Bomney to Baltimore and return; that Budy was in the same car with him when he left Washington on the return, and that he knew him by sight but not by name at that time. When he saw him he was sitting on the left side of the car behind him, and heard him say to some one sitting alongside of him “something flew in the window and got in my eye.” Tie denied Mrs. Hamilton’s testimony that he threw a bottle out of the window, or that he was sitting on the right of the ear. ITe said he had drank nothing that evening and saw no one drinking, or throwing bottles out of the window, or in possession of any bottles on the train, and that he did not then know who Mrs. Hamilton was, but know later; that he did not know whether there were any *64 ladies in the car except one girl with three yonng men; that he did not see any one trying to induce them to drink and heard no swearing or rough language nor any disorderly conduct. ' T. H. Marshall of Romney testified that on the return trip he passed through the car in which Rudy was three or four times; that he knew him, and that every time he passed through Rudy was in the same position, inclined in the seat with his arm over his head at the open window, and that the first time he noticed him they were near Boyds, and he knew nothing of any accident. He was apparently asleep. This witness saw.no drinking or disorder of any kind. Kenneth O. Wilson of Moorefield testified that he was on this excursion, and that a man named Beereamp had a case of beer containing about a dozen bottles, both going to and returning from Washington, and that the last he saw of it it was in a Hampshire Southern coach, the back coach, but there was no beer drunk at all in that car, or anywhere on the train so far as he saw or knew, and that he was all through the train; that he neither saw nor heard of any disorderly conduct and saw no bottles thrown out of the windows. He denied Mrs. Hamilton’s statement that he tried to induce a young girl and her brother to drink with him, or that, he saw any one make such an effort. The above is a summary of all the material testimony, and includes that of all the witnesses except two for the defense, who were on the train, but saw no drinking or disorder. It will be seen, without comment upon this testimony, that there was abundant evidence tending to sustain every averment of the narr., and the conflict of testimony arising from the contradiction of plaintiff’s witnesses by those of defendant, was necessarily for the jury. There was no error therefore in the rejection of defendant’s first prayer. The plaintiff offered four prayers, of which the Oourt granted the first and second; the third was withdrawn, and the fourth, the usual prayer on the measure of damages, was conceded. *65 The defendant offered in addition to the prayer withdrawing the case from the jury eight other prayers, of which the third, seventh, eighth and ninth were conceded; the fifth was granted, and the second, fourth and sixth were rejected. In order that the rulings may be clearly understood, the reporter will set out in full all the prayers both granted and rejected, except those seeking to withdraw the ease from the 3^7- The plaint,iff’s first and second prayers embrace every principle necessary to his recovery as stated in Tall v. Packet Co. and United Railways v. Deane, supra, with due emphasis upon the essential ingredient thqt defendant’s servants knew, or with proper care could have known, that the tort was imminent long enough in advance of its commission to have prevented it, and they were correctly granted. Defendant’s second prayer correctly states the isolated legal proposition that a carrier is not an insurer of the absolute safety of its passengers, but it lacks the qualification of the defendant’s seventh prayer approved in United Railways v. Deane, 93 Md. 619, viz.: that it is liable to its passengers for torts or injuries inflicted by fellow passengers, when it could have prevented the injury with the force at its command, and without which qualification it would have been necessarily misleading. Defendant’s fourth prayer was properly rejected because it confined the jury to the consideration of the throwing of the j^articular bottle which inflicted the injury, and to the danger to Budy, though the defendant’s liability depended not on the throwing of that bottle alone, nor on the danger to Rudy, but upon the general misconduct of his fellow passengers and the fact that any one was put in peril by their failure to control or suppress the disorderly conduct. Deane’s case, supra, 628. The defendant’s sixth prayer was objectionable for the same reasons as the fourth, that it practically limits the inquiry of the jury to the circumstances of the throwing of the one bottle which caused the plaintiff’s injury. True, it does not impose this limitation in express words, *66 but it none tbe less directed tbe mind of tbe jury to that one isolated act of misconduct, and ignored all the other preceding acts of misconduct, which should have warned defendant’s servants of the impending danger which actually resulted from failure to observe this warning. The cases are numerous elsewhere, sustaining the liability of the carrien in cases like that now before us. In Flint v. Norwich and N. Y. Transportation Co., 7 Blachf. U. S. Circuit Court for Connecticut, Judge Shipman said: “The defendants were bound to exercise the utmost vigilance and care in maintaining order and guarding the passengers against violence, from whatever source arising, which might reasonably be anticipated, or naturally be expected to occur in view of all the circumstances and of the number and character of persons on board. Some of the soldiers were boisterous, intoxicated, and more or less disposed to rudeness, and this was observed from a quarter to half an hour before the accident, without any action on the part of the company.” In Kinney v. L. & N. R. R., 99 Ky. 60, the.Court said, “the rule in Flint’s case was recognized in an almost unbroken line of decisions in this country,” and in West Memphis Packet Co. v. White, 38 L. R. A. 427, that is declared to be the leading ease in America on that subject. In Pittsburgh & Con’ns. R. R. v. Pillow, 76 Pa. St. 510, a ease of injury from the throwing of a bottle by a passenger, the Court said:- “The employees have power over passengers and are as much responsible for the exercise of that power as for proper running of the train. This doctrine is wise and good!, and necessary for the protection of travelers.” In' Stewart v. Brooklyn and Crosstown R. R. Co., 90 N. Y. 588, it is said: “Drunken men should not be permitted on the cars, or should be so guarded! or separated from the orderly passengers as to prevent injury from them.” In Simmons v. New Bedford S. B. Co., 97 Mass. 361, Judge Gray said: “The carrier is as much bound to guard *67 against the results of acts of third parties as of any other cause, the operation of which he can reasonably anticipate. * * * They have power to make reasonable regulations as to the places which passengers may occupy, and as to their conduct while on hoard, and they are bound to use the utmost skill and care of prudent men in taking precautions to prevent any passenger from being injured by the negligent or reckless acts of other passengers.” After a careful consideration of this record, and a care-full examination of the authorities, we think the case was fully and fairly submitted to the jury under the instructions of the Court and the judgment must he affirmed. Judgment affirmed> the appellant to pay the costs.