Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Co. v. Mayor of Baltimore

*702 Pearce, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. The appellants, being the plaintiffs below, filed a bill in the Circuit Court of Baltimore City, for the purpose of enjoining the city authorities from preventing, obstructing or in any way interfering with the construction by the plaintiffs, under the supervision of the City Commissioner, of underground conduits upon certain streets named in the bill, according to the plans of location and construction filed with the bill, or with the making of the necessary excavations for such conduits, or with the use thereof for the laying and using of telephone wires therein. The material facts of the ca'se may be condensed as follows : The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company is a corporation of the State of New York, authorized to construct and operate telegraph lines partly in, and partly out of the State of New York, including all the cities, towns and villages of Maryland, and has ever since its incorporation in 1885, exercised its franchises both in the State of New York and in Baltimore City. The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Baltimore City was incorporated under the laws of Maryland, in March, 1884, its stock being owned by the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company. It is authorized to construct telegraph lines upon any roads, highways, or streets, within the State, by erecting the necessary poles and fixtures, and to acquire the property of any telegraph companies then, or thereafter existing, and it did thus acquire various telegraph lines. By the decisions of this Court, telephone lines are included within the term, telegraph lines, and by chapter 161 of 1886, now sec. 254 of Art. 23 of the Code of Public General Laws, all corporations formed as the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Companj'- of Baltimore City was formed, and then in practical operation in Baltimore City, were authorized to lay any part of their lines underground, on any route where they were authorized to construct such lines above groupd, but all corporations not in practical *703 operation at the adoption of the Code of 1888, were obliged to obtain a special grant for this purpose from the State, and the assent and approval of the Mayor and City Council, before using either the surface, or the sub-surface of the streets. Prior to 1889 there were no underground conduits in Baltimore City for the use of telegraph or telephone lines, but during that year the plaintiffs established a Telephone Exchange in a new building upon the corner of St. Paul street and Bank lane, a thickly-settled business location in the central portion of the city, and on Maji- 9th, 1889, the Mayor and City Council enacted Ordinance number (41) forty-one, entitled “ An ordinance to provide for laying the wires of the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Baltimore City, or of the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company, or of both oh said companies, in underground conduits in the City of Baltimore.” The preamble of this ordinance sets forth that if the overhead system of wires is wholly continued, the number of such wires along the street leading to the exchange must be largely increased ; that such increase and concentration at so central a point is not desirable, and that the public convenience requires that such wires, so far as practicable, should be laid in cables underground. It then proceeds to enact and ordain that the said two Telephone Companies, acting separately or in conjunction, be authorized “ to lay their wires to be used in connection with said exchange,” in suitable conduits *• under the surface of the streets, alleys or highways in said city now traversed, orto be so traversed by their respective wires,” provided said conduits be so constructed as not to injure any vault, sewer, water or gas-pipe, and provided further, that “ the grant” above-mentioned should not be deemed an exclusive grant, and that the same should cease and determine, unless three miles of such conduits should be constructed within two years from May 9th, 1889, and that after said two years, and as rapidly as said wires should be laid in said conduits, *704 all poles of said companies along all streets upon which their conduits were so laid, should be removed, and should not be replaced, except when necessary to make connections with the buildings to be served by such conduits and wires. It further ordained' that said Telephone Companies, “ in consideration of the rights and privileges granted to them by this ordinance,” before constructing any portion of said conduits, should comply with the following requirements : xst. To execute an agreement, in form, and with security to be approved by the Mayor and City Council, to pay to the city annually thirty cents for each lineal yard of the first four miles of conduits so constructed, and twenty cents per lineal yard for all over four miles, provided no annual payment should be less than $3,000; also, before constructing any portion of such conduits, to file with the City Commissioner a plan showing the location and character of all conduits next proposed to be constructed, which construction should always be under the supervision of the City Commissioner; and to replace all paving removed in said construction, to the satisfaction of said Commissioner. 2nd. To provide in every conduit so constructed, space, free of cost or rent for the laying therein, by the Fire Commissioners of the city, of a cable for the exclusive and official use of the Police and Fire Alarm Telegraph, and the Police and Patrol wires. 3rd. Before exercising any privileges under said ordinance, to execute a bond in the sum of $10,000, with approved security, conditioned for the faithful performance of all requirements of said ordinance on the part of the said companies. The bill avers- that the plaintiffs accepted the provisions of this ordinance, and that much more than three miles of conduits were constructed within two years from its approval ; it sets forth in detail compliance by the plaintiffs with each and every requirement of the ordinance, and charges that said ordinánce so enacted and so accepted, *705 constitutes a contract reasonable in its terms, which the city was competent to make, and which is binding on both parties thereto. In 1892 the Legislature of Maryland, by chapter 200 of that session, authorized the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore to provide a series of conduits under the streets, lanes and alleys of said city, either by constructing the same, or by authorizing'their construction by any person or corporation, but expressly provided therein “that nothing herein contained shall be deemed or taken to modify or change in any manner the provisions of Ordinance number forty-one (41), or the rights and privileges granted thereby.” In 1898, the Legislature, by chapter 123 of that session, enacted the new charter of Baltimore City, being a repeal, and re-enactment with amendments, of Art. 4, of the Code of Public Local Laws. In section 6 of Art. 4, as thus, amended, under the subhead “ Streets, Bridges, and Highways,” the general powers of the Mayor and City Council in relation thereto, are enumerated and prescribed. Among these, is the power to regulate the use of streets, highways and roads, and to prevent encroachment thereon, or obstruction of the same, and to regulate the opening of street surface for the purposes authorized by law or ordinance ; to regulate the use of streets, lanes or alleys by telegraph, telephone or other wires, in, under, over or upon the same, and to require all such wires to be placed under-ground after such reasonable notice as it may prescribe; and to provide for a series of conduits — using in this last connection the exact language of the Act of 1892, and then adding, also in the exact language of that Act (except that the: word “ Article ” is substituted for the word “ Act”), that: “ nothing herein contained shall be deemed or taken to> modify or change in any manner the provisions of Ordinance number forty-one (41).” The bill then avers that in reliance upon the rights and privileges secured by Ordinance 41, the plaintiffs constructed during 1889 and 1890, in the streets of Baltimore, more *706 than eleven miles of underground conduits, in all of which space was provided, free of cost or rent, for the laying of a wire for the exclusive use of the city, and in most of which such wire was laid, and has been used by the city, from the construction of the conduits down to the present time. That in thé year 1898 the plaintiffs found it necessary, for the accommodation of their increasing business, to construct additional underground conduits in the northern and western part of the city, in accordance with plans submitted to the City Commissioner, and that they obtained a permit therefor on August 8th, 1898, in pursuance of which, and under the supervision of the City Commissioner, they proceeded with the construction of said conduits and the laying of cables therein, until the middle of November, 1898, and that said last-mentioned cables and conduits, constructed at a cost of over $29,000, are now used in connection with said exchange, and that in all of them provision is made for a wire for the exclusive use of the city of Baltimore. The bill further avers that, while under Ordinance 41 no permit is required for the construction of said conduits, yet by Ordinance No. 2, of 1892, it is provided that no person or corporation shall, for any cause whatever, dig up, or uncover any of the streets, lanes or alleys of the city, without a written permit therfefor from the City Commissioner, approved by the Mayor; and that the plaintiffs, being willing to comply with this regulation, and having need to construct underground conduits upon Roberts, Madison and other streets, on the 24th of April, 1899, applied in writing for a permit, filing at the same time plans of the location and character of such proposed conduits as required by the ordinances ; but that on April 28th, 1899, the City Commissioner refused to issue the permits applied for, or either of them, without assigning any reason for such refusal; and the plaintiffs then charge that the true reason therefor was the passage by the Mayor and City Council, on April 18th, 1899, of an ordinance, a copy of which was filed *707 with the bill, purporting to repeal Ordinance forty-one (41), and providing that such repeal shall not interfere with the use and control of conduits constructed under Ordinance forty-one (41) before January 1st, 1898 — provided such conduits do not interfere with the future use of the streets upon which the same are constructed. The bill further charges that the permit applied for having been wrongfully refused, the plaintiffs are entitled to proceed without such permit, and are desirous to do so, but they aver that they have good reason to believe, and that they do believe that the Mayor intends to use his official authority, and his influence with the police, directed by the Marshal thereof, to prevent by force the construction of such conduits, and they therefore pray for an injunction against the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, William T. Malster, Mayor of the City of Baltimore, and Samuel T. Hamilton, Marshal of the Police of said city, enjoining them and their agents from interfering in any manner with the construction of said conduits upon the streets named in the prayer of the bill. The bill, with exhibits sustaining its allegations, were filed May 1st, 1899, and were immediately laid before the Court, Judge Wickes, who on the same day, “ upon consideration of the foregoing bill of complaint,” passed a decree refusing the injunction — from which decree this appeal is brought. The defendant has moved to dismiss the appeal upon the ground that it appears upon the face of the record, that its object is to obtain from this Court a preliminary ruling on an ex parte statement of a question involving public interests of great magnitude, without notice to defendant, or those to whom is confided the duty of protecting those interests ; but this motion cannot prevail. Sec. 29 of Art. 5 of the Code of Public General Laws provides that whenever any Court having equity jurisdiction shall refuse|to grant an injunction according to the prayer of the bill, an appeal may be taken from such refusal. This section had its origin in the Act of 1832, ch. *708 197, which authorized an application to the Judges of the Court of Appeals, or one of them, when an injunction should have been refused by the County Court. Under that Act, only the bill and the exhibits were submitted to the Judge of the Court of Appeals, and the original papers were forthwith transmitted by the Clerk. In Steigerwald v. Winans, 17 Md. 62, the Court held that a complainant has the right to demand a decision on his bill, and if the injunction be refused, to appeal directly to this Court; but if he elects to postpone his appeal till proof is taken, and the cause decided on it, his right of appeal under this section is gone. In Bell v. Purvis, 15 Md. 22, it had been previously decided that where an answer comes in before injunction ordered, and so denies the equity of the bill as to authorize dissolution of the injunction on motion to dissolve, the injunction ought not to be granted; and the same was also held in Barnum v. Gordon, 28 Md. 97. In that case the Court said that the Judge to whom an application for an injunction is made, may with perfect propriety take time for consideration, and give notice to the parties to be affected by the injunction, and afford them an opportunity to be heard, in any case in which he may believe the purposes of justice may be thereby subserved. But it is obvious that chis is a matter necessarily within the discretion of the Court, and this discretion must in the present case, as-in all others, be deemed to be exercised with as much wisdom and propriety, in forbearing to give, as in giving such notice. The case last mentioned was decided in 1867, and evidently, in consequence of these decisions, ch. 102 of 1868 was enacted, which added to sec. 29 of Art. 5 the provision that the right of appeal thus given shall not be prejudiced by the filing of an answer, nor by the taking of depositions with reference to the allegations of the bill, and that the appeal should be heard on a transcript of the bill or petition, with such other papers in the cause as may be necessary, so soon as conveniently may be after such trans-script shall have been filed in the Court of Appeals. *709 The Act of 1868 therefore changed the rule previously declared. In O’Brien v. Balt. Belt R. R., 74 Md. 363, the answer was filed before injunction ordered, and, being in, was entitled to be considered, but could not per se defeat the right of appeal. In Bonaparte v. Balt., Hampden and Lake Roland Co., 75 Md. 340, Mr. Bonaparte sought an injunction to restrain defendant from constructing its railroad across an avenue by which he had access to his premises, alleging that defendant’s charter was void, and work thereunder was being prosecuted without lawful authority. When the bill was filed and preliminary injunction was asked for, instead of granting the injunction at once and outright, the Judge set a day for hearing and until that hearing could be had, passed a restraining order. The defendant contended that this restraining order was a preliminary injunction, and that the order passed after hearing was the dissolution of the injunction already granted, and it therefore moved to dismiss the appeal ; but the Court said it was evident the Judge below desired to know whether a case was made for preliminary injunction, and therefore ordered a hearing on the application made by the bill, and the motion to dismiss was accordingly overruled. The inference from this is too plain for controversy' — that the Judge might, had he seen fit, have granted the injunction without hearing, and that in such cáse there would have been a right of appeal. We therefore think the plaintiffs, in the course pursued, were in the exercise of their legal right to present the question raised by the appeal, and the motion to dismiss will therefore be overruled. It is contended on the part of the defendant that Ordinance No. 41 has none of the elements of a contract, but that it is simply a license, revocable whenever the public interest requires its revocation, saving, of course, any rights which the plaintiffs have acquired up to the time of revocation, as attempted by the repealing ordinance ; while on the part of the plaintiffs it is contended that the passage of Or *710 dinance No. 41 was a proposition to the plaintiffs to enter into a contract securing to them valuable rights and privileges, upon valuable considerations moving from them, and that upon acceptance by plaintiffs of the provisions of said ordinance and compliance by them with all its stipulations, a valid contract was made and concluded, and that after the construction thereunder of three miles of conduits within two years, the contract by its terms became irrevocable, and the repealing ordinance is for this reason inoperative and void. The defendant relies largely, in support of its contention, upon the decision in the Lake Roland Elevated R. R. case, 77 Md. 352. In that case an elaborate and learned opinion was delivered by Judge Bryan, holding that the ordinance of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore authorizing the railroad to lay down double tracks on certain streets in the city, was not irrevocable, and that a subsequent ordinance, repealing that part of the previous ordinance which authorized double tracks on Lexington street, but permitting a single track upon certain conditions, was a valid exercise of power by the Mayor and City Council, but we have not been able to discover any expression of opinion, or any intimation therein, or in the opinion delivered by Judge Alvey in overruling a motion for reargument, that the grant was regarded merely as a license, as was argued by defendant’s counsel in his brief in this case. The proof was that if double tracks were permitted on Lexington street, their existence would be incompatible with the use of that part of the street by vehicles of any description, and that the sidewalks alone would be available for use by the general public. Judge Bryan said it was the duty of the city authorities to preserve the streets for their primary legitimate purposes, and that it was not competent for them by such a grant to defeat these purposes. The whole opinion went upon the ground that such contracts are made upon the implied condition, understood and accepted by the grantee, that if the safety, health or morals of the public shall require the rescis *711 ion or modification of such contract it may be rescinded or modified under the police power of the State, or of the city, where the city has been vested by the State with such power. In illustration of the application of this rule of law we may cite the case of N. Y. & N. E. R. R. v. Bristol, 151 U. S. 556, in which the removal of a grade-crossing constructed under the charter was ordered, and an overhead-crossing was required at the cost of the railroad. The action of the Legislature was sustained, the Court saying that the inhibitions of the Constitution of the U. S. upon the impairment of the obligation of contracts, are not violated by the legitimate exercise of legislative power in securing the public safety, health or morals. And in the later case, of the C. B. & Q. R. R. v. Omaha, 170 U. S. 57, where the State undertook to alter the terms of a contract under which a viaduct had been built at the joint expense of the city and the railroad, it was said that, where the subject-matter of the contract is one which affects the safety and welfare of the public, it is held to be within the supervising power of the Legislature, when exercised to protect the public safety, health or morals, and that the clause of the Federal Constitution, which protects contracts from legislative action, cannot in every case be successfully invoked. “ The presumption is that when such contracts are entered into, it is with the knowledge that parties cannot, by making agreements on subjects involving the rights of the public, withdraw such subjects from the power of the Legislature.” It was upon the same principle that this Court proceeded in Rittenhonse v. The Mayor and City Council, 25 Md. 336, in sustaining the repeal of an ordinance providing for the erection of an almshouse, and in annulling a contract with Rittenhouse for its erection, but providing for an equitable settlement for work done under the contract. The site of the building having been found to be unhealthy, due regard for the safety of the inmates and for the public welfare required that the site should be abandoned and work upon the building discontinued. We cannot agree with the coun *712 sel for defendant, that Judge Alvey, in his opinion on the motion for reargument in the Lake Roland case, treated the grant of the privilege of the streets to the railroad as a license. We think he dealt with it as a contract, liable to rescisión or alteration only by reason of the duty of the city to keep the streets safe for their ordinary uses, and that his referenceto compensation, “in accordance with a well-established principle in the case of the revocation of an executed license,” was but a legal analogy altogether appropriate for the illustration of his argument. We think the result of Ordinance No. 41, and of its acceptance by the plaintiffs, was the creation of a valid contract, and that there is no evidence or suggestion in the record, of any danger to the public health, safety or convenience which would warrant its rescisión by the Mayor and City Council in whole, or in part. On the contrary, the recitals of that ordinance show that both the public safety, and the public convenience were controlling considerations with the Mayor and City Council in its enactment; and in the body of the ordinance the public interests were sedulously guarded by the following provisions : 1st. That the right to lay underground conduits should not be deemed an exclusive grant so as to create a monopoly. 2nd. That the rights granted should be forfeited unless a permanent underground system was assured by the construction of at least three miles of conduits within two years thereafter. 3rd. That all poles or lines where conduits were laid should forthwith be removed, except when required for house connection. 4th. That an annual charge of from 30 fo 20 cents for every lineal yard of conduit laid should be paid to the city. 5th. That in each conduit laid space should be provided free of cost or rent for a wire for the exclusive use of the city authorities ; and 6th. That an adequate bond should be given for the faithful performance of all these requirements. Chapter 200 of the Acts of 1892, and the New Charter, ch. 123, of 1898, both afford evidence that there has been no change in the views entertained by the public as represented by the Charter *713 Commission and the Legislatures of 1892 and 1893, as compared with the views of the Mayor and City Council, by whom Ordinance No. 41 was enacted, since both Acts of the Legislature give authority to the city to provide aseries of conduits throughout the streets and alleys, by constructing, or authorizing the construction of the same by any person or corporation, and to require all telegraph and telephone wires to be placed in such conduits. No public interest embraced within the police power could be served by repealing Ordinance 41, and thus compelling the plaintiffs either to resort again, so far as relates to all these conduits laid since January 1st, 1898, and to all future extension of their wires, to the inferior pole service which may at any time be prohibited by the city, or to put all such wires in the conduits to be constructed or authorized by the city, and upon new and other terms than those prescribed in Ordinance 41. ¡The city might, it is true, thus sucure a much larger annual payment from the plaintiffs — one perhaps more fairly proportioned to the value of the franchise granted by the ordinance, but this wish or motive will not justify the repeal proposed. In City Water Co. v. Bridgeport Hydraulic Co., 55 Conn. 1, the consideration was pressed upon the Court that a decision in behalf of defendant would be the protection of a monopoly and that a monopoly is odious. In rendering its decision for defendant, the Court said “this argument forgets the fact that it is the judicial duty to preserve contracts inviolate rather than to destroy monopolies; communities may endure njonopolies, but cannot endure the violation of contracts.” But apart from the fact that the attempted repeal of Ordinance 41 cannot be brought within the exercise of the police power, so as to justify the repeal upon that ground, there is another and a conclusive reason why it is beyond the power of the Mayor and City Council in any mode to effect its repeal or impair its operation. By ch. 200 of the Act of 1892, the Legislature of Maryland, after three *714 years trial of the policy inaugurated by the Mayor and City Council upon their own authority, in the contract with the plaintiffs, authorized the Mayor and City Council either to construct, or to authorize any person or corporation to construct conduits throughout the city for the use of telegraph, telephone and electric light wires, to require all such wires to be placed in said conduits , and to prescribe reasonable rentals for the use thereof; thus establishing a general and uniform policy under the sanction of the State, similar to the special policy inaugurated under the sanction of the Mayor and City Council with the plaintiffs. But to this general grant of authority there was annexed a proviso, “ that nothing contained in this Act shall be deemed or taken to modify or change in any manner-the provisions of Ordinance No. 41, approved May 8th, 1889, or the rights and privileges thereby granted.” Whether the Mayor and City Council had the power to grant - these rights and privileges at the time that contract was made, it is 'not necessary to inquire, because ch. 200 of 1892 must be taken as a legislative ratification and confirmation of that contract, with all its rights and privileges. Cooley in his work/6n Constitutional Limitations, 6 ed. 466, speaking of contracts by municipal corporations, which, when made, were in excess of their authority, but subsequently have been confirmed by legislative action, says : “ If the contract is one which the Legislature might originally have authorized the right of the Legislature to confirm, it must be recognized.” In Balt. & Potomac R. R. v. Reaney, 42 Md. 117, the Act of 1870, ch. 80, while containing no express terms of ratification of the ordinance under which a tunnel had been built by the railroad, used in one section “ terms equivalent to terms of express ratification,” and Judge Auvey said : “The authority given by the city to make, the tunnel is recognized, and there is power given to charge additional profits and tolls for its own use. This is a clear ratification or grant of authority, at least by implication, and it is settled that such authority may be granted *715 by implication. Springfield v. Conn. R. R. Co., 4 Cush. 63.” See also O’Brien v. Co. Com., 51 Md. 24, to same effect. In Pompton v. Cooper Union, 101 U. S. 202, the question was whether certain bonds of the town of Pomp-ton wei'e issued with proper legal authority. Subsequent to their issue the Legislature abolished the Commissioners of Pompton Township and devolved upon a Township Committee certain duties of the Commissioners, including the providing of necessary funds, and the payment of interest on these bonds. It was held that this Act was a recognition of Pompton as one of certain towns authorized to issue such bonds, and the Court said: “ In cases like this, legislative ratification is the equivalent of original authority, and what is clearly implied in a statute is as effectual as what is expressed." Upon the principle last above stated, the Act of 1892 not only operates as a ratification of Ordinance No. 41 as of the date of its approval, and of all that had then been done thereunder, but it also operates from its own date of approval as a legislative grant for the future of the rights and privileges thus ratified, and as a legislative prohibition against any interference by the city therewith. The body of that Act authorized the city to require all companies using any kind of electric wires, to place them in the conduits constructed, or authorized by the city ; but the proviso excepted out of this grant of power the plaintiffs’ companies, and in express language declared that their rights and privileges should not be modified or changed in any manner, and the exception was thus not only a grant of power thereafter to enjoy under the protection of the State, the rights and privileges they had theretofore enjoyed under the protection of the city, but it was also the equivalent of an express denial of power to the city to compel them at any future time to surrender these privileges, in virtue of the general powers conferred upon the city to deal with electric companies in this regard. The new charter, approved March 24, 1898, contained *716 the same proviso as the Act of 1892, and all we have said as to the legal effect of that Act, is applicable to the new charter, without repetition. Inasmuch as the new charter repealed the whole of Art. 4 of the Public Local Laws of the State, relating to the city of Baltimore, and embracing the Act of 1892, it was necessary to incorporate into the charter the proviso of that Act, in order to give to the plaintiffs the continued assurance that their rights and privileges were beyond the control of the Mayor and City Council, and to remove all doubt upon that subject from the minds of all persons interested in, or dealing with said companies. We hold, therefore, that from the moment the plaintiffs were by the proviso of the Act of 1892 taken under the protecting aegis of a legislative grant, the Mayor and City Council were powerless to destroy, change, or modify their existing rights and privileges, and the ordinance of April 18th, 1899, is wholly ineffectual. The possible unfavorable effect of such a decision upon other corporations using electric wires, or upon the revenues of the city, however much deprecated by others, are considerations which we are not at liberty to entertain, and we may here repeat the language of this Court in the Lake Roland Co.’s case, 77 Md. 382. “We say once more for all, that we are dealing only with the case before us. Franchises and privileges granted by the Legislature cannot be annulled by an ordinance of the Mayor and City Council.” Whether it is competent for the State to repeal that part of the new charter which confirms the rights and privileges conferred upon the plaintiffs by Ordinance 41, is a question which does not arise in this appeal. The State has not attempted such repeal, and until it does so, it would be premature and unauthorized to pass upon its right and power to do so. The remaining question is as to the jurisdiction of the Court to interfere by injunction in this case. The rule is thus stated in 2nd Beach on Injunction, sec. 1279 : “ Equity will interfere to protect and secure the enjoyment of a franchise secured by statute, because it affords the only *717 plain and adequate remedy. So, it will protect rights of a like character acquired under a lawful municipal ordinance.” This rule is supported by numerous cases, both in the State and Federal Courts, among which are City of Quincy v. Bull, 106 Ill. 337 ; Springfield R. R. Co. v. Springfield, 85 Mo. 676; Easton R. R. Co. v. Easton, 133 Pa. St. 505; Osborn v. Bank of United States, 9 Wheaton, 842, and Walla Walla v. Walla Walla Water Co., 172 U. S. 1, where the Court said : “ It has been repeatedly decided in affirmance of the general proposition, that the remedy at law, in order to exclude a concurrent remedy at equity, must be as complete, as practical and as efficient to the ends of justice and its prompt administration, as the remedy in equity. In Holland v. Mayor and City Council, 11 Md. 197, it was held that a municipal corporation will be restrained by injunction when attempting to enforce an invalid ordinance, and that case was confirmed in Page v. Mayor and City Council, 34 Md. 567. In Hooper v. City Passenger R. R. Co., 85 Md. 509, it was held that the company was entitled under its legislative grant to use electricity upon any of its lines, and that this right could not be destroyed by the refusal of the Mayor to issue a permit for the erection of the poles, and the injunction which had been granted by the Court below restraining the city authorities from interfering with the erection of the poles, was sustained by this Court. That case is not distinguishable in any material point from the case before us, and in view of that decision, the majority of the Court is of opinion that the proper remedy is by injunction. The writer of this opinion regards mandamus as the proper remedy and a memorandum will be filed briefly stating the ground of this view. We think, however, that in a matter of so much moment to the parties, the purposes of justice will be advanced by permitting further proceedings in the cause, and that an opportunity should be given the defendants to answer, and for a hearing upon the merits, and the cause will therefore be remanded under Art. 5, sec. 36 of the Code, without affirm *718 ing or reversing the decree of the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. (Decided June 22nd, 1899). Cattse remanded, without affirming or reversing the decree, for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion, costs above and belotv to abide the final result of the cause. Pearce, J., delivered the following separate opinion : Having stated in the foregoing opinion my individual view, that mandamus, and not injunction, was the proper remedy in this case, this memorandum is made for the purpose of expressing as briefly as I can the ground of that view. The case of Hooper v. The City Passenger Railway Co., 85 Md. 509, sustained the injunction there granted under a similar state of facts and law, but I have not been able to believe that it should be confirmed and followed when brought before us for the first time, as a controlling authority upon that point. In reaching this conclusion, I cannot feel that I disregard any of the fundamental principles which underlie the ancient and salutary rule of stare decisis. Judge Duer, in discussing this question, in Woolsey v. Judd, 4 Duer, 389, with reference to a decision of Chancellor Kent, said : “ We deny that a recent and solitary decision of any Judge, however eminent, ought to be regarded by us as conclusive evidence of existing law. * * It is known to us all that the cases are numerous in Courts of Equity as well as of law, in which Judges have felt it their duty to reconsider and reverse their own decisions and those of their predecessors; and deplorable indeed would be the actual state of the law (as none who has examined the valuable treatise of Mr. Greenleaf on Overruled Cases will doubt), had not these powers of revision and correction been frequently and firmly exercised.” And in Butler v. *719 Van Wyck, 1 Hill, 438, Judge Bronson said, in a dissenting opinion : ‘'It is going quite too far to say that a single decision of any Court is absolutely conclusive as a precedent. It may be final upon the parties then before the Court, but it does not conclude other parties having rights dependent upon the same question.” These observations of distinguished Judges have been repeated here to show that I am not disposed to detract from the ’reverence with which this rule is regarded by the most eminent lawyers and Judges, and that while I differ reluctantly and with true diffidence from my associates upon the binding force of the decision in question, I am not without high authority in the position I occupy. Had title to property, real or personal, been acquired in reliance upon this decision, or if the ultimate right of any character were affected thereby, I should unhesitatingly apply the rule, but as the question is one of procedure only, the same reason for its rigid maintenance does not exist. In Hooper v. City Passenger Railway Co., the record shows that Mayor Hooper, in his answer, contended that the refusal to issue the permit, there applied for, could only be reviewed by a proceeding of mandamus in a law Court. No opinion accompanied Judge Dennis’ decree granting the injunction. In the brief for the appellant in the case, it was contended that the possession by a body corporate of a franchise to be a Street Railway Company in Baltimore City, docs not, in itself, entitle it to the use of the streets without the assent of the Mayor and City Council expressed in the usual way, and for this reliance was placed upon the decision of this Court in State v. Latrobe, 81 Md. 241. In the brief for the appellee, it was contended (without adducing any authority or argument) that the remedy by mandamus did not exclude the jurisdiction of equity, and that the permit was only important as evidence to the police of the city of the right of the company; and it was also contended that the jurisdiction already taken by the Court of Equity in the previous decree of June, 1893, determining the right of the company *720 to use the trolley system on any street in the city on which it had its tracks, made it necessary to resort to the same Court for the enforcement of that decree. In the opinion delivered in that case in this Court, there is no discussion of, nor reference to the remedy by mandamus, but it was held, that if it were conceded that the former decree had no force or effect in that case, that the decree appealed from was fully warranted, and that the Legislature having granted to the company the right to use the trolley system, it necessarily followed that the Mayor and City Council could not ' qualify nor abridge that grant, nor could the Mayor alone, by refusing to issue a permit to place the poles, make that unlawful which the Legislature had declared to be lawful; and to sustain this statement cited the language of this Court in Point Breeze R. R. v. Latrobe, 81 Md. 222, as follows : “If the act to be done be a lawful one, and be sanctioned by legislative enactment, and if the person or body corporate proposing to do it be dttly empowered to perform it, the Mayor and City Commissioner cannot, nor can either of them, make the act illegal, or prevent its performance by refusing to issue a permit.” In examining the cases in which injunctions of this character have been sustained, I have found none, with the single exception of Hooper v. Railway Co., in which it was necessary to consider the effect of an ordinance requiring a ■permit before commencing the work, and the failure to obtain such permit, t'hough duly demanded. The Point Breeze R. R. case, in 81 Md., relied on in 85 Md., was not an application for an injunction to restrain interference, but for a mandamus to compel the issuance of a permit which had been refused. The language of the Court should, therefore, be interpreted with reference to the character of the remedy invoked and the relief sought by the distinguished counsel who initiated that proceeding and argued the appeal. I readily concede, in the language of that case, that “ the Mayor has no right by the simple refusal of a permit to defeat the doing of an act authorized to be done, and thus *721 practically to abrogate and repeal the formal permission to do it,” as would be the result if the issuance of the permit, could not be enforced by mandamus ; but, it by no means follows that the Mayor may not thus delay the doing of the act, nor that the permit can be dispensed with, especially since, in closing the opinion in 81 Md., the Court says: “We need only add, the franchise can only be exercised in such mode as the city, which has absolute control over its own streets, may by reasonable regulation prescribe.” Moreover, the language quoted in 85 Md. from 81 Md., was used in discussing whether the Mayor had a discretion to grant or refuse the permit, because if there was such discretion, the mandamus could not be ordered at all, and it was held in reference to this same ordinance that there was no such discretion. I regard the ordinance requiring a permit as preliminary to any digging up of the streets of the city as a reasonable and most salutary regulation, both to guard against wholly unauthorized opening of the surface, and to avoid conflict between those duly authorized, when exhibiting such pet mit, and the police force of the city, who are charged with the duty of arresting the violators of all ordinances. The two conditions declared by the Court in 81 Md. to be necessary to exist to entitle an applicant to a permit under Ordinance No. 2, are that the act to be done be sanctioned by legislative enactment, and that the party proposing to do it be one duly empowered to perform it. In that case, there was due legislative sanction for the act to be done, within a certain time-limit, and this having expired, the right was lost. Here also there is due legislative sanction for the act, and no time-limit is prescribed. There, as here, there was also a valid ordinance, under which no one, without a permit to dig up the streets, was duly authorized to perform the act proposed. If not so duly empowered,, then the language from 81 Md., relied on in 85 Md, does not appear to me to warrant relief by injunction, though fully applicable in a proceeding for a mandamus, because such *722 permit, when issued in compliance with the ministerial duty to issue it, would duly empower the recipient to perform the act, and in event of subsequent interference by any of the city authorities, the remedy by injunction would then be clear and unquestioned. In Edison Company v. Hooper, 85 Md. no, it was held that the company was not authorized to dig up the streets of the city, to lay conduits for wires, without an ordinance of the Mayor and City Council authorizing the same to be done, because of the power of the Mayor and City Council to regulate the use of the streets. The Court properly held there was no duty imposed on the Mayor in that case to issue the permit applied for, and therefore the mandamus could not be allowed. There the only power conferred on the company was “the franchise of being an Electric Light Company in Baltimore City — no right or privilege to use the streets of the city was conferred.” But here the right or privilege to use the streets, under the supervision of the City Commissioner, was conferred, and under the decison in 81 Md., the duty of issuing the permit was imposed, and mandamus, if sought, must have been granted, and it must be supposed would have afforded ample relief to the appellants. The wrong done here is the refusal to grant the permit to proceed under the supervision of the City Commissioner. The consequence of this wrong, it is true, is to delay the prosecution of the company’s work, pending the application to ■compel the granting of the permit, but not to defeat the right, and the appropriate legal remedy for the redress of the wrong thus done seems to me to be by mandamus. I cannot perceive in 'what respect this remedy would be “ less complete, less practical, and efficient to the ends of justice, and its prompt administration,” than the remedy by injunction, and if I am correct in this view it should follow that the injunction should be denied. In the recent case of State ex rel. Nat. Subway Co. v. St. Louis, 42 L. R. A. 113; 145 Mo. 551, the Subway Company applied for a permit, which was refused, to con *723 struct service and supply pipes in certain streets in St. Louis, under an ordinance for that purpose, and it was held that where one possesses a clear legal right to have exercised an office, or a franchise, or to have a service performed by the party to whom he seeks to have the writ directed, and where there is no legal specific remedy to which he can resort to compel the performance of this duty, mandamus is the proper legal remedy. In the course of the opinion Judge Sherwood said : “ In the lower Courts I have never noticed a precedent, or read an authority which would sanction resort in a case of this kind to a bill for specific performance. Indeed it has been decided that a Court of Equity will not enforce the specific performance of a contract to build a railroad, and by parity of reasoning it would seem that if a Court of Equity would deny specific performance in the case instanced, it would also refuse the relief where it is sought to compel a municipality, or a public officer thereof, to allow a railroad or other similar public structure contracted for to be built.” In State ex rel. Bell Telephone Co. v. Flad, 23 Mo. Appeals, 185, where the Board of Public Works refused to grant a permit to plant poles because the Telephone Company declined to comply with conditions other than those prescribed by the statute and ordinance, under which they acted, the Court, through Judge Seymour D. Thompson, ordered a mandamus compelling the board to issue the permit applied for. These decisions are in accord with leading text-writers. High on Ext. Legal Remedies, sec. 327, and Spelling on Ext. Relief, vol. 1, secs. 309 and 694, where mandamus is declared to be the proper remedy to compel a board to furnish just and adequate facilities to a party. The existence of a full, complete and adequate legal remedy should be here, as in other cases, the exclusion of recourse to equity. The result of the best consideration I have been able to give to the matter, is that the plaintiffs should be remitted to the remedy by mandamus. It may be that this was the *724 ground on which the learned Judge of the Circuit Court based his decision, his decree not disclosing the ground taken, and if this should be so, I shall feel confirmed m the correctness of the view I have here expressed. Entertaining this view, I think the decree of the Circuit Court should be affirmed, but my associates think otherwise, and I have deemed it proper to concur in the opinion remanding the cause for further proceedings, as we differ only as to the method of procedure. (Filed July ist, 1899).