State v. Graver

This suit was brought in the name of the State of Maryland, for the use of Cora J. Gaver, guardian, against the appellees as sureties on a bond alleged to have been given by them, and the appeal is from a judgment in favor of the defendant on a demurrer to the declaration. The first count of the narr. alleges that the said Cora J. Gaver was appointed guardian of Grace M. Main and others by the Orphans' Court of Frederick County on the 21st of January, 1903, and that she duly qualified as such guardian; that on the 23rd of March, 1905, she transferred to Joseph W. Gaver, "as custodian and holder for her", the sum of twenty-five hundred dollars, and that on the same day the said "Joseph W. Gaver, as principal, and Harmon L. Gaver and Frederick W. Obenderfer, as sureties, executed under their hands and seal" the following bond: "MARYLAND, Sc.: "Know All Men By These Presents, That we, Joseph W. Gaver, Harmon L. Gaver and Frederick W. Obenderfer, of Frederick county, are held and firmly bound unto the State of Maryland in the sum of five thousand ($5,000) dollars, current money, to be paid to the State aforesaid or its certain attorney, to which payment, well and truly to be made, we bind ourselves, our heirs, executors and administrators, jointly and severally, firmly by these presents. "Sealed with our seals, and dated this 23rd day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and five. "The condition of the above obligation is such, that if the above bounden Joseph W. Gaver, as custodian and holder of the sum of twenty-five hundred dollars ($2,500) for Cora J. Gaver, Guardian to Grace M. Main, Oscar C. Main, Nannie N. Main, Roy E.G. Main, and Melvin J. Main, heirs and representatives of Jonathan C. Main, late of Frederick county, deceased, shall faithfully account with the Orphans' Court of Frederick County, Maryland, as directed by law, for the management of the property and estate of the infants under her care, and also shall deliver up said property, agreeably to the order of the said Court, or the directions of law, and shall in all *Page 253 respects perform the duty of custodian and holder of the funds of said Guardian to the said Grace M. Main, Oscar C. Main, Nannie L. Main, Roy E.G. Main and Melvin J. Main, infants as aforesaid, according to law, then the above obligation shall cease; otherwise it shall remain in full force and virtue." This count further charges that the said Joseph W. Gaver died intestate on the 14th of November, 1909; that the Orphans' Court of Frederick County, on the petition of the said Cora J. Gaver, guardian, passed an order, on the 21st of December, 1909, requiring the defendants and the administrators of the said Joseph W. Gaver to deliver said sum of $2,500 into Court to be paid to her, and that a copy of said order was duly served on the defendants and on said administrators, but that the defendants failed and refused to deliver up said sum of $2,500 as required by said order. The second count, after alleging that the said Joseph W. Gaver, now deceased, and the appellees "entered into and executed" the bond set out in the first count, charges that the appellees by said bond "obligated themselves * * * for the performance in all respects of the duty of the said Joseph W. Gaver as custodian and holder of the funds; that it was the duty of the said Joseph W. Gaver as custodian and holder to pay over and deliver to said Cora J. Gaver, guardian, when demand was made therefor; and, demand having been made and refused, it then became and was the duty of" the appellees, "under the terms of said bond, to deliver and pay" said fund to said Cora J. Gaver, guardian, but that the appellees failed and refused to pay same. As the bond sued on is set out in and made a part of both counts of the declaration, the first question to be determined is: Can a suit be maintained on it against the sureties? It is not an official bond, or one required by law to be given. It was not executed for the protection of the State, but for the benefit of Cora J. Gaver, guardian. The State, therefore, has no interest in the bond, and it is conceded that there is no statute authorizing such a bond to be made payable to the State. *Page 254 In the case of Kiersted et al. v. The State, 1 G. J. 231, the bond was executed to the State of Maryland by an applicant for the benefit of the insolvent laws. The statute required the bond to be given, but did not authorize it to be taken in the name of the State, and it was contended that the State could not, therefore, maintain a suit on it. The Court, in disposing of this contention, said: "The first and chief question arising out of them is a consideration whether actions can be maintained on these obligations, inasmuch as they have been taken in the name of the State of Maryland, and no express authority is given by law so to take them. "The Act of 1805, ch. 110, is the first general insolvent law enacted in this State, to which there have been many supplements; and since then various insolvent acts to suit the situation of the City and County of Baltimore have been passed. All have been examined by the Court, as well as some in favor of individuals, before and since 1805. In none of those acts is there any specific provision for taking these bonds of the insolvents in the name of the State, although by the Act of 1805, and several other acts, the Courts, judges and commissioners are to take of the imprisoned debtors at the time of their discharge bonds conditioned for their appearance to answer the allegations of their creditors, in penalties to be prescribed, and with security to be approved of by them. Notwithstanding, the manner of taking these bonds is no where specifically directed; we are assured upon full enquiry that they have been invariably passed to the State of Maryland for more than twenty years past, whether taken by the Courts, the judges or the commissioners of insolvent debtors for the City and County of Baltimore. What has produced this uniformity, it is not easy to say, unless it has been brought about by implicity following the example of the Courts and judges, upon whom it first devolved to execute these Acts of Assembly. As no person was designated in whose name the bonds were to be given, it is probable the Courts and judges were prompted to the course pursued by the consideration, that the law in *Page 255 this particular could not be executed, without an obligee was supplied by them, and by reflecting that for permanency and convenience none could be selected, more suitable than the State itself, to which all official bonds were given, and other kinds of bonds where a multiplicity of persons are concerned. And it may be that they were conducted to this resolution by reasoning upon the supposed intention of the Legislature that these bonds should be taken in the name of the State, from the fourth section of the Act of 1805, ch. 110, which directs the trustees of insolvents to give bond to the State. Whatever may have led to the practice, its consistency fully established the cotemporaneous construction of the first act in this system of laws, and we think it has too long obtained to be at this time shaken and disturbed. And we further think that to promote the execution of similar legislative provisions it may be well received as a settled rule for the government of our Courts of justice, that obligations in which many persons are interested, be taken in the name of the State of Maryland whenever the law is silent in naming the obligees to whom they are to be given." In the case of Ing v. State, 8 Md. 287, the suit was on an appeal bond, and in reply to the objection that it was not properly brought in the name of the State, CHIEF JUDGE LE GRAND said: "The 7th section of the Act of 1835, ch. 380, provides that when any County Court, as a Court of equity, shall require bond, with or without security, to be given in any case, and the parties concerned therein shall be numerous, or it shall for other reasons appear proper to the Court to take bond in such form, such bond may be taken in the name of the State as obligee, and be sued by any person interested as public bonds may; and even prior to the passage of the Act of 1835 the Court of Appeals held, in Kiersted v. State, 1 G. J. 231, that the uniform practice for twenty years allowed persons interested to bring suits on bonds taken in the name of the State, although the Acts of Assembly under which they are required to be executed contain no specific provision for making them to the State, or give to the party, in language, *Page 256 the right to sue. These references are sufficient to show that the suit was properly brought." In the case of State v.Norwood, 12 Md. 177, the suit was brought in the name of the State on a bond given to the State by the clerk of the Court of Common Pleas for the City of Baltimore, and it was insisted by the defendants that it could not be maintained unless the equitable plaintiff could show that he had obtained authority from the State for that purpose. The Court, after quoting from the cases we have cited, said: "The laws which provide for the execution of bonds similar to the one before us do not require them for the puropse of protecting the rights of the State alone. They are also designed to secure the faithful performance of official duties, in the discharge of which individuals and corporations have a deep interest, and, therefore, they should have the privilege of suing such bonds for injuries sustained by them through the negligence or mal-conduct of the officers. Such doctrine, in regard to public official bonds, we consider as having been long established in Maryland, whatever may be the law elsewhere. And, entertaining these views, we cannot agree with the defendants' counsel in supposing the present equitable plaintiffs could not institute this suit, because they had not obtained authority from the State for that purpose." These cases hold that where a bond is required by law, and the statute does not specify to whom it shall be made payable, it may, where many persons are interested, be taken in the name of the State, and that suit may be brought on it by those for whose protection it is required, without obtaining the authority of the State for that purpose. In such cases the party for whose use the suit was brought is regarded as the real plaintiff, although, strictly and technically speaking, the State is the plaintiff. But we have been unable to find any authority for the proposition that the State may, without its consent, be made the obligee in a bond in which it has no interest and which is not required by law to be executed. In the case of United States v. Pumphrey, 11 App. Cases, 44 (D.C.), the bond was given to the United States and *Page 257 approved and accepted by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the faithful performance of contracts of one of the obligors with certain Indians. The Court, after holding that notwithstanding the bond was not required by any statute, the United States may, "as a body politic, within the sphere of the constitutional powers conferred upon them and through the instrumentality of the proper department to which these powers are confided, enter into contracts not prohibited by law, when appropriate to the just exercise of those powers," said: "It may be conceded, however, that if the United States had no special power of supervision and control over the privileges and interests of these Indians, as such, the bond would be invalid; for the United States can not assume guardianship of an individual and make contracts concerning his private affairs that they may enforce, or that he, even, might enforce for his own benefit, as can be done, in some instances, by a third person, in the case of a contract made between others for his express benefit, or to which he may, in some proper manner, be privy. It follows, then, that the right of the United States to recover, by virtue of this bond, either to the extent of their own damage incurred in the return of the Indians to their reservation, or for the benefit of the Indians themselves, to the extent of the special damages sustained by them through the breach of their contracts as named in the bond, must depend upon the nature of the relations of said Indians to the Government, its powers of control over and its duties and obligations to them." And in the case of State v. Shirley, 1 Irer. 597 (N.C.), suit was instituted in the name of the State of North Carolina at the relation of one Braddy on a constable's bond. The Court held that the constable had not been lawfully appointed; that the magistrate who received the bond had no authority as such to accept it, and that there could be no judgment at law upon the bond. JUSTICE GASTON, in that case, after referring to cases "in which, without evidence of formal acceptance, obligations made directly to a State, or to the United States, for the payment of money or the performance of other *Page 258 duties due to them in their corporate capacity, have been upheld as bonds on the ground of presumed acceptance," said: "The instrument before us does not profess to be made for the benefit of the State as such. It is avowedly made to secure the interests of all persons who shall entrust the defendant Shirley with the collection of debts, and made to the State as a trustee for these persons. True, the State may be said in common parlance to have an interest in the faithful performance of these duties, because the performance of them is for the advancement of right. But the State has not an interest therein in its proper characteras a State. If individuals may, without permission, thus make the State their trustee, what limit can be set on the exercise of this liberty? Why may not everyone — every firm — every voluntary association — every corporate body — nay, every foreign State — should they choose — take engagements for the protection of their interests in the name of the State? If this be done, is it not manifest that the State may become involved in responsibilities and duties, wholly alien from the legitimate purposes of government, and its honored name may be bandied about in the contests of private litigants, like the John Doe and Richard Roe in an action of ejectment?" Independent of the question of the right of individuals to make the State, without its consent, the obligee in bonds executed for their private ends, there is a more serious objection to the instrument sued on in this case. Every bond, in order that it may be a binding obligation, must not only be executed by the obligors but must be delivered, and it must be accepted by the obligee. Bac. Abr., Obligations C. Statutory or official bonds made payable to the State can not become effective until they are accepted by those duly authorized to accept them. Where they are made payable to the persons for whose protection they are required, the approval and filing takes the place of delivery, and the assent of the obligee is not required. It is said inMurfree on Official Bonds, section 46, that where a bond is made payable to the State, "not to subserve any interest of the State, but as trustee for *Page 259 others," the bond "does not become operative at all until it has been duly accepted by the State acting through its appropriate and duly accredited agents." In the case of State v. Shirley,supra, the Court said: "But the magistrate who received this bond in behalf of the State acted wholly without authority. He not only had no express delegation of power to take it, but he was acting altogether without his official sphere in relation to the subject-matter. His acceptance of the instrument imparted to it no more validity, than it would have received from the acceptance of any, the humblest, individual in the land." In the case of Harris v. Register, 70 Md. 109, an appeal bond given to the appellees as obligees was executed with only one surety, and the Court held that it was not such a bond as the statute required, and that "The approval of the bond by the clerk gave it no additional efficiency, because it was not such a bond as he was authorized to approve upon an appeal from a final judgment." After stating that "whilst the bond did not conform to the statute, it by no means follows that it might not have been a good voluntary bond, had it met the other requirements necessary to give validity to instruments of that character," JUDGE McSHERRY further said: "In the case now before us had the bond sued on been delivered to the appellees by the obligors, we have no doubt whatever that it could have been recovered on upon proof of a breach of its condition. But delivery is an indispensable requisite to the validity of a voluntary bond. It must be delivered by the party whose bond it is, to the other (Bac.Abr., Obligations C); though the delivery and acceptance may be by attorney. In statutory bonds the approval and filing take the place of delivery. The law does not in such case require the assent of the obligee. Burgess v. Lloyd, 7 Md. 178. The bond in this case was not delivered to the obligees or to any agent or attorney of theirs. It was never intended to be so delivered. Its delivery to the clerk was not such a delivery as to make it a valid voluntary bond, because he was not the agent of the obligees and he did not receive the bond in any such capacity. There was, therefore, *Page 260 in fact, no legal delivery of the bond at all, and it did not, as it could not without delivery, become binding on the surety as a voluntary obligation." In the case of State v. Oden, 2 H. J. 108, note, the defendant executed his bond to the State for a sum due J.S. The bond was presented to the agent of the State who refused to accept it. Suit was brought on the bond in the name of the State for the use J.S. and the General Court held that it was not the deed of the defendant. In the case at bar the bond, as we have said, was not given for the protection of the State, or in accordance with any law requiring it to be executed for the benefit of the equitable plaintiff. No one was authorized to receive and accept it on behalf of the State, the obligee, and as it could not become operative without delivery and acceptance, it is not the bond of the appellees to the State. See, in addition to the cases cited above, Burgess v. Lloyd, 7 Md. 178;Brown v. Murdock, 16 Md. 521; State v. Jarrett,17 Md. 309. It appears, however, from the allegations of the narr. and from the terms of the bond that Joseph W. Gaver received from the equitable plaintiff the sum of $2,500, which belonged to her as guardian of Grace M. Main and others, and that the bond was given to secure the payment of said sum to the guardian. Under such circumstances the bond should have been made payable to the guardian, and was no doubt intended to be so made, as it was evidently given to secure to her a sum for which she was bound to account. If it was the intention of the obligors and the guardian to have the bond made payable to her, and through the mistake of the draughtsman it was given to the State as obligee, and it was delivered to the guardian, or to some one for her, and she accepted it, believing that it was payable to her, there is no reason why, upon a proper bill filed, a Court of equity could not correct the mistake, reform the bond so as to make it conform to the intention of the parties, and enforce it against the obligors. In the case of Coke v. Husbands, 11 Md. 492, the draughtsman of the deed testified *Page 261 that he "received instructions as to the interest intended to be conveyed by the deed, and it was intended to convey thereby the interest which each (party to the deed) actually had at the time, and not what either might acquire by the death of the other," and that he "thought that the deed only conveyed that interest, and would think so now but for the doubts of counsel." The Court said in reference to that evidence: "Now, what other construction can this language receive than this, that he was instructed to prepare a deed, conveying a certain interest in the property, and, by mistake, made it to embrace a greater interest than the parties intended," and held that the deed should be reformed. In a note to Wood v. Patterson et al., 4 Md. Ch. 335, and in 34Cyc., page 910 b, and page 915 d, many cases are collected showing under what circumstances deeds and other instruments may be reformed. It is stated in 24 Ency of Law 654, that "A written instrument may be corrected by supplying the omission of the name of a party, or inserting provisions which have been omitted. Similarly, where a party of the consideration is omitted, it may be inserted, or the omission of a seal may be supplied. Where the name of a party is incorrectly set forth, the correct name may be substituted, or the name of the true party may be substituted for a name inserted by mistake," and on page 656 it is said: "Equity may reform instruments against sureties as well as against principals." In Murfree on Official Bonds, section 445, the author says: "It is a well-known power of Courts of equity to reform irregular and defective obligations and other instruments, and its jurisdiction in this regard has been very freely exercised." In the case of Neinninger v. State, 34 N.E. Rep. 633, the name of the party making the complaint in a bastardy case was inserted in the recognizance as Maggie Kyne instead of Maggie Cross, and the Supreme Court of Ohio said: "After a careful and somewhat extended examination of the question, we have arrived at the conclusion that a written instrument executed by a surety, which by mistake fails to express the actual agreement and intention of the *Page 262 parties, may be reformed upon parol proof, like other written instruments, and then enforced against the surety; and such mistake and the actual agreement may be established by parol proof." The same principle was applied in the case of Henkelman v. Peterson, 154 Ill. 419., 40 N.E. Rep. 359, where by mistake no seals were attached to an injuntion bond, and the Court, after a careful review of the authorities, stated: "In principle we can see no difference in the reformation of an instrument to make it express the intention of the parties whether a surety is a party to it or not. The consideration that extends to the principal also extends to the surety. The rights of the obligee are the same as to each, and each owes him the same duty. The bond in this case, with the evidence in the record, clearly shows it was intended to be sealed, and made a sufficient bond. Its recitals carry conviction that such was the intent. Neither ignorance of fact nor law could be relied on to show the contrary, and to declare an intent not to seal the same would be a declaration of an intentional fraud. In such condition of the record the Court should have decreed a reformation of the instrument." In the case of Smith v. Allen et al., 1 N.J. Eq. 43, the contention was that the condition of the bond which was sought to be reformed was larger than the statute required or authorized, and that therefore the bond was void, but the Court held, quoting from the syllabus: "When the proof of a mistake is full and satisfactory, equity will relieve, even against securities; and that as well where the complainant seeks relief affirmatively, on the ground of the mistake, as where the defendant sets it up to rebut an equity." In the very recent case of Aetna Indem. Co. v. Railway Co., 112 Md. 389, this Court, speaking through CHIEF JUDGE BOYD, said: "We can have no special difficulty about the right of an obligee to have a bond corrected in equity, even against a surety, when the principal has by mere oversight not executed it, after it is given to the principal by the surety to be executed and delivered to the obligee — provided, of course, *Page 263 the circumstances are such as would justify a Court of equity in reforming an instrument of writing. If a surety executes such a bond, and gives it to the principal to be executed by him, and then to deliver it to the obligee, and the principal does so deliver it, having simply overlooked the fact that he had not executed it, and the obligee, believing it was properly executed and not observing that it had not been by the principal, placed it away for safekeeping with its papers, all three parties believing it had been regularly executed and intending that it should be, it would be a confession of a very limited power to do justice if a Court of equity would have to admit that it could not require the bond to be put in the shape it was intended and believed to be by all the parties, merely because one of them was a surety. But we do not understand the powers of a Court of equity to be so restricted." In each of the last four cases referred to in this connection the Court cites with approval the case of Wiser v. Blachly, 1 Johns. Ch. 607, where the bond given by a guardian was taken in the name of the People, instead of the infant, and where CHANCELLOR KENT said: "But as to the main point in this case, whether the surety is to be holden though the bond was taken in the name of the People instead of the name of infant, I have no difficulty in saying that it is within the ordinary jurisdiction of this Court to correct such a mistake by holding the party according to his original intention, and to consider the bond as taken to the infant. Where the intention is manifest, this Court will always relieve against mistakes in agreements. 2 Atk. 203; 1 Ves. 317. The case cited from Prec. in Ch. shows that the Court will do it in the case of a surety. Here it is admitted in the answer, and the bond itself is conclusive proof, that Vail intended to bind himself as security for Blachly, the guardian; and whether the bond was taken in the name of the infant or in the name of the people in trust for the infant, it is but matter of form and not of substance; it would be intolerable that such a mistake should prejudice or destroy the rights of the infant." *Page 264 It follows from what we have said that there was no error in the ruling of the Court below on the demurrer, and that the judgment appealed from must, therefore, be affirmed. Judgment affirmed, with costs.