Tong v. Feldman

Bond, C. J., delivered the opinion of the Court. This appeal is from the sustaining’ of a demurrer to the appellant’s third amended declaration. He alleged that Jacob Feldman and he, respectively, were lessees of separate portions of a building in' Baltimore City, and that Jacob Feldman’s interference with a right claimed to bring gas through his, Feldman’s, portion rendered it impossible for the plaintiff to exercise his rights under his lease and to carry on the business for which he had entered into it. And it is also alleged that the two defendants, Jacob Feldman and Murray Feldman, jointly prevented a re-leasing of the floors then abandoned by the plaintiff, which had been arranged with.a view to avoiding the necessity of the plaintiff’s paying further rent for them. More specifically, it is alleged in a first count of the declaration that Jacob Feldman leased the first floor and cellar of the premises known as 939 West Baltimore Street, for a term of three years beginning on February 10th, 1923, and that on June 15th, 1924, the plaintiff leased the second and third floors of the building for use as a restaurant. A gas meter and pipes for providing gas to the upper floors were located in the cellar leased to Feldman. After having made costly improvements and alterations on the upper floors to adapt them to use for the restaurant, it was found that the business required a larger supply of gas; and the plaintiff, being required by his lease to make his own alterations, arranged with the company supplying the gas and equipment for the substitution of a meter six inches higher than the older one, and three inches deeper, and a pipe one-quarter *401 of an inch larger in diameter. It is also alleged that there was a right generally recognized and well established, under .similar conditions, in an occupant of upper floors, to obtain adequate supplies of water and gas by means of pipes through the cellar and first floor, and a right of access by the gas company to the meter and pipes for all proper repairs or alterations, and that Feldman took subject to such rights. When the gas company undertook to make the changes requested in this case, however, Feldman by force and threats prevented it, and as a consequence the plaintiff was compelled to abandon his business and his lease of the upper floors. In a second count the same facts are alleged, and it is added that the defendant Murray Feldman, “in furtherance of the plans and schemes jointly undertaken by the said Jacob Feldman and himself,” did by threats and false .statements to a new lessee obtained for the abandoned second and third floors, to the effect that he would not be permitted by the defendants to have either gas or water, induce such new lessee to break his contract and refuse to enter into possession. And for these alleged wrongs 'damages are demanded. As to the first count, the declaration, and much of the argument, seem to us to be based on conceptions which do not reach to the precise questions involved. Those questions, as we see them, may be stated in this way: In the situation described, would the lessee of the upper floors have a right by implied reservation, equivalent to an easement of necessity for bringing gas through the cellar for use above? If there is such a right or easement of necessity, is it confined to the meter and pipe previously in use on the premises, or does it vary with the necessity, so that an increased need may be met by some enlargement of the meter and the pipe ? We think the declaration does, in effect, allege a right by . implied reservation equivalent to an easement of necessity for bringing gas for the upper tenant through the pipe in the cellar. It is, of course, common knowledge that gas is piped into a building from underground. Whether the meter *402 need be placed in the cellar, as it usually is, may, for all that we know, be- questioned, but there is an allegation of a right to have the meter there, and a jury might find this to be a necessity, upon proof: Eights or easements of necessity are-more familiarly met with in rights of way, but they'are not confined to such rights. One of the leading illustrations of' an easement of necessity in other rights is in the case of McTavish v. Carroll, 7 Md. 352, in which a right to use a dam and a mill race on the land of one grantee passed by necessity with a grant of a mill to another grantee. And for other illustrations see a collection of authorities in a note, 8 L. R. A. (N. S.) 327, on “Implication from necessity of easement other than right of way.” And see also note 10 Eng. Rul. Cas. 59. A right or easement of necessity may accrue to the grantor who severs the tenements or to his subsequent grantees. Jay v. Michael, 92 Md. 198, 210; Mitchell v. Seipel, 53 Md. 251, 269; Burns v. Gallagher, 62 Md. 462, 472; Lippincott v. Harvey, 72 Md. 572, 579; McTavish v. Carroll, supra; Mancuso v. Riddlemoser Co., 117 Md. 53, 56. The necessity must be imperative and absolute. “It is only in cases of the strictest necessity, and where it would not be reasonable to suppose that the parties intended the contrary, that, the principle of implied reservation can be invoked.” Burns v. Gallagher, supra. Ordinarily it is to be presumed that the grantor has made all the reservations he intended, when making his grant, and he is not permitted to contradict or derogate from his grant. But we think the right to continue-piping gas through lower floors would, under modern conditions, come within those which it would be unreasonable to suppose the parties could intend to cut off. That one who enjoys a right or easement over or through, the premises of another may enter, at reasonable times, at least, to make proper repairs, -would hardly be questioned now. McTavish v. Carroll, supra; Washburn, Easements, 2 Ed. 656. But what is the case with alterations; may any *403 ■enlargement ever be made of the ways or instruments of necessity first made use of ? There have been many decisions upon changes made or .attempted by owners of easements in the enjoyment of them, and as with discussions on other questions in the law of easements, the theories and principles stated have not been uniform. Of course, a restriction in a grant or an express reservation must be given effect to its full extent, properly construed. But there is nothing in the nature of a right reserved ■or an easement, apart from an express prohibition, which prevents all change during the course of its enjoyment. It Fas been decided many times that there might be increases in the volume and kind of use. United Land Co. v. G. E. Railway Co., 10 Ch. App. 586; White v. Grand Hotel (1913), 1 Ch. 113. In Myers v. Dunn, 49 Conn. 71, a way of necessity to wood, pasture and arable land was held open to the increased use resulting from the erection of other improvements. “When,” said the court, “by their conveyance to the defendant’s grantor the administrators imposed, in favor of the land granted, a way of necessity over the locus in quo, they are to be presumed to have intentionally done it for any or all of these purposes [for which the land might be -exploited] ; and the law will declare that it may be used for all, for it desires and encourages proprietors to- increase the value of their land by building houses upon and cultivating it.” And that was the decision in the similar cases of Whittier v. Winkley, 62 N. H. 338; Uhl v. Railroad Co., 47 W. Va. 59; Crosier v. Shack, 213 Mass. 253. And see Jones on Easements, sec. 323. And alterations may be made in the ways or instrumentalities of an easement of necessity. In David v. Kingscote, 6 M. & W. 174, it was held proper to lay tracks on an old way to work mines on the dominant estate. In Newcomen v. Coulson, 5 Ch. Div. 133, a right of way was granted under an award, .for the passage of the grantees, their tenants or farmers, vehicles and horses, to and from land which was at the time devoted to- agriculture. Later, buildings were put up and a metal road was laid down where there had been *404 only a cart track. And Jessel, M. N., held that under the-unrestricted grant of the way, the owners of the easement might make the new road hed. “It cannot be contended,” said the Master of the Nolls, “that the word ‘repair’ in such a case is limited to making good the defects in the original soil by subsidence or washing away; it must include the right of making the road such that it can be used for the purpose for which it is granted.” In Olcott v. Thompson, 59 N. H. 154, the cover of an aqueduct maintained by prescriptive easement was reconstructed, and it was held that the form of cover was restricted only by the reasonable necessity of the case, and was not restricted to a form previously used. .There was no injury to the landowner from the change; and the reconstruction was taken to be within the grant which was assumed in support of the prescriptive rights. And see authorities in note, L. R. A. 1918A, 593. “Adaptation, improvement and repair of right of way.” Some of the decisions on alteration in the instrumentalities of easements seem to make no distinction as to- alterations which involve slight enlargements, and it seems obvious that some variations in size must be insignificant. To take an extreme case, the use of a larger joint or nut on an appliance, would probably be without any detriment to the-enjoyment of the servient tenement, and held within the proper enjoyment of an easement. And the allegations in the present declaration show an intended change of dimensions which, for all this court can say, might be found by a jury to be altogether insignificant under the- circumstances. In Hammond v. Hammond, 258 Pa. 51, a right of way had been granted in general terms to- cross a creek and connect with a highway. For twenty-one years the- crossing was- made-by a ford, and then the owner of the easement built a bridge. And the court said that, “The grantee o-f the free and uninterrupted use of a private road may improve it in such manner as to make it fit for the purpose expressed in the grant, and in so doing may construct a bridge over -a ravine or creek, if it be done- in such way as to cause the least practicable-damage to- the owner of the servient tenement; however,. *405 ample room must be left for tbe natural flow of the water, even in time of flood, except it be so great as to be beyond ordinary human experience.” And that seems to' us to be tbe reasonable view of the situation. Tbe test to which the decisions hearken back is the purpose for which the right or easement has been established. Whenever it has arisen from necessity, it would seem to be co-oxtensive with the reasonable needs present and future of tbe dominant estate for such a right or easement, and to vary with the necessity, in so far as may be consistent with the full reasonable enjoyment of the servient tenement. Here the severance of the two tenements was made by tbe lease to Feldman, and he took subject to an implied right of necessity for the conduct of gas to' the upper floors. Two rights in space in the cellar were created, and they are equal in legal value and are to be reconciled in practice. There was no express restriction to the meter and pipe already in the cellar, or to anything less than the reasonable necessity of the occupant of the upper floors. And we see no satisfactory theory upon which the necessity of the upper tenant can be so- restricted, assuming that his use, out of which the necessity arises, is a reasonable use of tbe premises. The presence of equipment for an earlier and lesser use cannot be taken to restrict the right unless, it can be said that there is a restriction to a necessity already provided for; and such a restriction as that might often bind a dominant tenement to a narrow, or even obsolete, use, iii disregard of natural growth of usefulness of the property. And it would be contrary to the decisions of the authorities cited above on growing uses. A present necessity, which would determine for a wholly new right the size of instrumentalities to be used, ought logically to determine it none the less because of tbe presence of old equipment on the servient estate. Tbe correct principle seems to us to be that tbe tenant of the upper floors might have such an adaptation made of his meter and pipe although it include some enlargement, if the projected changes do not materially interfere with Feldman’s reasonable enjoyment of the cellar, in which they are *406 located. And we think the allegations of the appellant in the first count are sufficient to entitle him to proceed with his case on that principle. A restaurant would seem to be an ordinary use of premises; only special circumstances would justify holding it to be an unnatural, excessive use, the necessities of which may be disregarded. There are minor objections made to specific allegations of the first count, but we find no material shortcoming in any of them. They appear to us to inform the defendants, with ample fullness, of the case they are to meet. What has been said here of the first count would apply, of course, to the first part of the second count in so far as it might be made the subject of separate objection. It is argued, however, that the addition, in this second count, of the allegation that Murray Feldman, acting in furtherance of plans and schemes jointly undertaken by Jacob Feldman and himself, by threats and false statements of inability to get water and gas, procured a new lessee to break his contract, makes the whole count, and the whole declaration, bad for duplicity. The substance and effect of the count as a whole is that by the acts and events stated as in the first count, the plaintiff was left with an obligation for rent to the end of his term except in so far as another tenant could be substituted, that another tenant was obtained and an agreement made with him, but that the two defendants, Murray Feldman and Jacob Feldman, wrongfully procured the new tenant to break his agreement, so that the plaintiff sustained a loss by that action. So read, there seems to be no duplicity in the count. It is upon a single cause of action, and one which if sustained by proof would entitle the plaintiff to recover. Lu cke v. Clothing Cutters’ Assembly, 77 Md. 396; Sumwalt Ice and Coal Co. v. Knickerbocker Ice Co., 114 Md. 403; Cumberland Glass Mfg. Co. v. DeWitt, 120 Md. 381. But the joinder of Murray Feldman as a defendant when he had, so far as appears from the allegations, nothing to do with the action complained of in the first count, does constitute a defect, for if a declaration contains several counts, *407 joint participation of all the defendants sued must be averred in each one of them. 1 Poe, Pl. & Pr., sec. 527. And for that defect alone we find that the demurrer to the declaration should have been sustained, and the judgment must be affirmed accordingly. As, however, it apears to us that the plaintiff could correct this misjoinder by amendment and state a sufficient cause of action, we conclude 'that the judgment should, to the end that an amendment may be made, be affirmed, and remanded for a new trial under article 5, section 24 of the Code. State, use of Dodson, v. Balto. and Lehigh R. Co., 77 Md. 489; Milske v. Steiner Mantel Co., 103 Md. 235, 252. Judgment affirmed and cause remanded for a new trial, the appellant to pay costs.