Peninsula Produce Exchange v. American Railway Express Co.

Digges, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. This appeal is from a judgment for costs entered in the Circuit Court for Wicomico- County -on a verdict by the jury in favor of the appellee (defendant below). The suit was instituted by the appellant (plaintiff), the Peninsula Produce- Exchange, a corporation, against the appellee- (-defendant), -the American Railway Express Company, Incorporated, to recover damages alleged to- be occasioned by the negligence -of the defendant in its failure to transport without delay and keep adequately iced dpring the period of transportation a carload of strawberries consigned to Carr Brothers, -of Portland, Maine. The substantial facts, as disclosed by the record, are that some- time in the early part o-f June, 1920, -the appellant sold and *430 agreed to deliver to Carr Brothers, in Portland, Maine, a carload of strawberries containing 232 crates of 32 quarts each, at -and for the price of $8.25 per crate, plus; icing charges; that in compliance with the terms of said sale the appellant, on the afternoon of June 8th and the 'morning of June 9th, 1920, loaded into a refrigerator car of the appellee, No-. P. R. R. 2793, at Queponco, Worcester County, Maryland, the quantity of strawberries so sold to- Carr Brothers; that after the loading was completed the car was fully iced, the doors sealed, and started on its way to destination at 1 P. M. on June 9th; that at the time of the shipment the appellant took from the appellee the usual express receipt designated “uniform express receipt,” which contained the date of shipment, destination, consignee, weight, value of cargo,- and shipper, with instruction “keep- fully iced to destination,” “which the company agrees to carry upon the terms- and conditions printed hereon to- which the shipper agrees, and as evidence thereof accepts and signs this receipt”; -that among the terms and conditions printed on the receipt there was the following, which is the only provision necessary to- refer to for the purposes of a decision in this case: “4. Unless caused in whole or in part by its own negligence or that of its agents, the company shall not be liable for loss, damage, or delay caused by * * * “ * * * (b) The nature of property, or defect or inherent vice therein.” That car P. R. R. 2793 was a type of refrigerator car generally known as “R-7,” its icing capacity being 10,500 pounds, having a bunker -at each end holding about 5,250 pounds each, the openings- to- the 'bunkers being located on the top- of the car and being closed by plugs, and it being through these openings or plugholes -that ice is supplied to-the bunkers. That the car in question was inspected by the witness Miller, an employee- of the appellee whose duty it was to- make such inspections; that the inspection o-f this ear took place by the witness at the point of origin and *431 again, some time between tbe time of its departure and its arrival at Harrington, Delaware; that as a result of said inspection the witness found the drips to the blinkers were open so as to allow 'the water from the melting ice to' flow out, and the car iced to its full capacity. That it arrived at Springfield, Massachusetts, on June 10th at 5.30 P. M., where it was then examined and the ice bunkers found to be about three-fourths full, at which time 2,500 pounds additional ice was put in the bunkers; that -after icing it was taken out of the yard at Springfield about 8 P. M. and attached to- a train which left Springfield at 2.30 A. M. on June 11th. That it -arrived at Portland, Maine, at 12.50 P. M., June 11th, 1920, -and was there examined as to' the condition of the bunkers immediately upon its arrival, and they were found to- be -two-thirds full of ice; that the interior of the car was found to be dry; that the drips were not inspected at that time, as the witness saw nothing wrong with the refrigeration of the car. That this car might have been re-iced at Nerw Haven, but this w:as not done for the reason that 'the car while at New Haven was on a track where there were overhead live wires, and there was no opportunity to examine the ice bunkers from the roof of the car; that while at New Haven ice water was flowing from 'the drips, indicating that there was ice in the car. That according to appellee’s witness the condition of the berries, upon arrival of the car at Portland, was shrunken and mouldy. That a member of the firm of Carr Brothers was present upon the arrival of the car in Portland; that on June 11, the day of the arrival, the following -telegram was sent to the appellant: “Portland, Maine, June 11, 1920. “Peninsula Produce Exchange, Pocomoke City, Md. “Penn ear two seven nine three arrived in Portland in terrible condition will sell it to the best of our ability we never saw a ear in such a condition before completely covered with white mould we are wiring Sam Shallow to send us inspector to see condition of car. Carr Bros.” *432 That on June 22nd, 1920, Carr Brothers, by Prank J. H. Carr, wrote the following letter to the appellant: “Portland, Maine, June 22, 1920. “Peninsula Produce Exchange, “Pocomoke City, Md. “Gentlemen: “We are enclosing our check for $1206.90 for 232 crt. of berries in Oar P. R. R. No. 2793. We wired you at the time of the condition of the berries and what we would do with them. Your letter of the 19th allowing a discount of $100 we will not accept. We have no claim in the American Express Co. as the car arrived on time and the bunkers had sufficient supply of ice, but the berries were waterlogged and caked in the baskets. We took every order we had out of town and shipped them express at nine o’clock at night with the hope that they would arrive in fair condition and that the discounts would not be too severe. We are still getting our discounts; they are deducting from one-half to one-third of the bill which we are standing, but it has stopped our berry business until our natives arrive, as we do not relish making any further enemies than we now have with our trade, although we felt in this case that we would have to pass the stick along. We had about one hundred crates in this car that we couldn’t get a bid on from the peddlers at $1.00 a crate. It was a chance of taking them to the dump until we finally had one Charles Blumenthal take them and get what he could for them. He returned us $20.00 for the lot. If you want a straight itemized account of every single sale I will forward it to you. “Very truly yours, “Carr Bros. Co., “Prank J. H. Carr.” The evidence further shows that this car, upon its arrival in Portland, was attached to' train 87, which was due to arrive at 12.05 P. M. and which did arrive on June 11th at 12.50 P. M. # That cars of perishable foodstuffs! shipped *433 from the vicinity of Queponeo were frequently consigned to Portland, Maine, and when the time of departure was in the afternoon of any day the usual and ordinary running time for this class of produce by express would cause them to 'be received in Portland on train, 87, which was due to arrive at 12.05 P. M. on the second day after their departure. The original declaration filed in this case wag demurred to, the demurrer sustained with leave to amend, and was amended by filing the declaration upon which the case was heard and decided. During the progress of the trial eleven exceptions were taken to the rulings of the court on the evidence, and the twelfth to the ruling on the prayers. The plaintiff offered -three prayers, all of which were granted by the court; and the defendant offered eighteen, all of which wei'e rejected except the fourth and twelfth, and the appellant’s twelfth -exception is directed to an alleged error of the court in granting 'the- fourth and twelfth prayers of the defendant. The first qxxestioix raised by the appellant is as to the cox-rectness of the court’s ruling in sustaining the demurrer to the original declaration. The docket eixtries as -set forth ixx the record. show that on August 12th, 1922, the plaintiff filed its -original deelaratioix; that on August 14th the defendant demurred thereto-, and on October 9 th the demurrer was sustained with leave to file narr. by next rule-day; De^ cember 4th, 1922, amended naor. filed. The appellant’s contention is that the action of the lower court in sustaining the demurrer to the origixxal narr. is open to review in this court, while the appellee dexxies -the correctness of this contention. This question must, be determined by ascertaining whether or not the second declaration, designated as “amended narr./1 i-s a pleading de novo or is an additional co-unt or counts to- the oxfiginal declaration. In the case- of Baltimore v. Maryland Pavement Co., 130 Md. 454, a-demurrer to- the declaration was sustained. Thereafter the plaintiff filed axx amended declaration, which was designated in the record “amended declaration, additional co-unt”; and we held in *434 that case that it was not an entirely new declaration, but simply an additional count to the original declaration; the Court, speaking through Judge Thomas, saying: “In the case at bar the amendment made 'by .the plaintiff was filed as an ‘additional count’ to the original declaration. It was not filed in the place of, but as a part of and as an addition to the original narr. An amendment by the filing of an additional count cannot be treated as pleading d& novo, for in order to be an additional count it must of necessity be a part of the previous pleading and must 'be given the same effect as if it had been incorporated in a declaration containing both counts.” The Court distinguished that case from the case of Ellinger v. Baltimore City, 90 Md. 696, wherein it was said: “The amendment by way of the-‘amended declaration’ was pleading de novo, which withdraws from the case the pleading's for which the new pleading is substituted, according to repeated decisions of this Court. * * * Erom what is disclosed by the record the plaintiffs must be held to have abandoned their case as made by the original narr., and to have waived their right of appeal, or rather not to have put themselves in a position to appeal from the adverse ruling of the court upon the demurrer thereto-. They did not submit to judgment upon the demurrer, nor did they simply amend the original narr. as to the matter which the court had found obnoxious to the demurrer, nor did they attempt to incorporate new matter into1 the original pleading by way of adding additional counts thereto1; but proceeded upon leave of the court which accompanied its ruling, -here in question, toi file an entirely new declaration complete in itself.” In the case now under consideration it is abundantly evident .that the amended declaration is complete in itself and is a substitute for the original declaration, to which, the demurrer has been sustained; the practical difference between the two -being that in the first declaration the entire cause of action was contained in one count, while in the second and substituted declaration there are three counts. There is nothing in the record to indicate, either from the designation given *435 the second declaration or the language used therein, that it was intended to he or was an amendment, by way of additional counts, to the original declaration. It contained the usual formal commencement and ending -and was complete within itself. We therefore hold, under the authority of the case of Ellinger v. Baltimore, supra, that the second declaration was pleading de novo and had the effect of withdrawing the previous declaration, for which it was substituted, from further consideration in the case. Therefore the ruling of the lower court -in sustaining the demurrer to the original declaration is not now -open -to review in this Court. See also 2 Poe, Pl. & Pr., sec. 189; Mitchell v. Williamson, 9 Gill, 77; Lake v. Thomas, 84 Md. 622; Medairy v. McAllister, 91 Md. 490. ■Considering now the twelfth exception, which requires a review of the rulings of the lower court on the prayers, we find that .the plaintiff below (appellant here) offered three prayers, all of which were granted, and in addition thereto the fourth and twelfth prayers of the defendant were granted and the other sixteen of the defendant’s prayers were either withdrawn or rejected; so that under this exception we are only called upon to consider the correctness of the court in its ruling upon the defendant’s fourth and twelfth prayers, which were granted. The fourth prayer of the defendant was as follows: “The jury are instructed that there is no- legally sufficient evidence in this case that the car of strawberries mentioned in the evidence was negligently delayed in transit by the defendant, and the plaintiff is therefore not entitled to recover under the first and third counts of its declaration in this case.” The effect of the court’s action on this prayer was to instruct the jury that there was no legally sufficient evidence of negligent' delay on the part of the defendant causing damage to the plaintiff, and therefore the plaintiff could not recover under the allegations contained in the first and third counts of the declaration. The declaration, as 'before stated, contained three counts, the first and third alleging that damage resulted to-the strawberries by reason of the defendant’s failure to use *436 due and reasonable diligence in carrying forward the shipment to its point of destination, and that by reason of the defendant’s negligence in that respect there was a large and material shrinkage in the value of the strawberries by reason of a substantial decline in their market value or price, and by deiterioratiion in the quality of the strawberries, which resulted in substantial loss to the plaintiff. The second count alleged that the strawberries decayed and deteriorated in quality by reason of the defendant’s failure to- provide sufficient quantities of ice for the refrigeration of the car in which they were transported, and that by reason of said decay and deterioration in quality due to defendant’s negligence in not providing sufficient ice, .there was a large and material shrinkage in the value of the strawberries, from which the plaintiff suffered great loss and damage. The contract, as represented by the express receipt, provided that the car should be kept fully iced. It was the duty of the defendant to transport the strawberries from Queponco, Maryland, to Portland, Maine, wtih reasonable dispatch, and to- protect them from deterioration by keeping the car fully iced. The evidence shows that the usual and ordinary running time from the point of departure to' the point of delivery.was about forty-eight hours; the evidence on that point being that if a car left Queponco on Monday evening, in the usual and ordinary course it would 'arrive at Portland, Maine, on Wednesday following-on train 87, due there at 12.05 P. M. In tire present case the ear containing the strawberries left Queponco at 1 P. M. Wednesday, June 9th, 1920, and arrived at Portland, Maine, the point of destination, at 12.50 P. M., Friday, June 11; the time consumed in the transportation being approximately forty-eight hours. There is m> dispute as to the time of departure and arrival at destination; this being shown by the plaintiff’s witnesses as well as those of the defendant. The witness Frank J. H. Carr, a member of the firm to' whom the strawberries were consigned, under date of June 22nd, 1920, writing to the plaintiff, stated: “We have no claim in the American Express Company, as the car arrived on *437 time and the bunkers had sufficient supply of ice, but the berries were waterlogged and caked in the baskets.” We have carefully examined the record for evidence of delay, and while there is testimony to the effect that the car containing the strawberries reached .Springfield, an intermediate point between Queponco and Portland, at 5.30 P. JVC. on June 10th, where it was re-áeed, 'and that after being rei-ieed, which was completed at 8 P. PI., it did not leave Springfield until 2.30 A. PL, June 11th; nevertheless, the testimony conclusively shows that the train leaving Springfield at 2.30 A' PL was the first one to which this car could have been attached after being reúeed, and there is a, total lade of evidence to. show that from 5.30 to 8 P. PI. was an unusual or extraordinary length of time to. be consumed in re-icing Taking the above in connection with the undisputed fact that ,the usual and ordinary running time for shipments of this character from Queponclo to Portland is forty-eight hours, and that this car arrived at Portland within forty-eight hours after its departure from Queponco-; or, as was said in B. & O. R. R. Co. v. Whitehall, 104 Md. 310: “the carrier being bound to deliver in a reasonable time, there could be no better standard for determining wbat was a reasonable time than a comparison of the ordinary time taken with that actually taken on that occasion”; we think the lower court was correct in its instruction to the jury that there was no- evidence legally sufficient to show delay in transportation on the part of the defendant. In addition, it is a significant fact that the plaintiff did not request any instruction as to. delay by the defendant in transportation, which it would almost certainly have done if 'there had been evidence which in the opinion of the plaintiff was; sufficient to1 entitle it to. such instruction. The theory upon which the plaintiff relies is that the defendant had negligently failed to' keep the car in which the strawberries were transported adequately iced, which the defendant was hound to1 do, both under the law and his contract as represented by the express receipt; that this neglect of duty on the part of the defendant was the cause of the *438 deterioration and damaged condition of the strawberries when received at the point of destination; that if the evidence shows that the strawberries were in good condition when put in the oar at Queponco- and were received in a decayed and damaged condition at Portland, the presumption is that such condition was caused by the negligence of the defendant in failing to- supply adequate ice for refrigeration during the period of transportation. The defendant’s theory, on the other hand, is that although the strawberries may have been in good condition at the time of loading at Queponco and in a damaged condition when received at Portland, this damaged condition was caused by the nature of the property or defect or inherent vice therein, and was not due to any negligence on its part or failure to perform the duty placed upon it to keep' the car fully iced. The prayers of the plaintiff are not in the record, but by agreement, as stated in the brief, they are set out in the brief of the appellee; and a reading of these prayers will show that the theory of the plaintiff was fully and fairly submitted for the consideration of the jury. The plaintiff’s first and second prayers, we think, correctly stated the law and defined the duty of the defendant under, the plaintiff’s theory of the case, and submitted the question at issue to' the jury in as favorable a light as it was possible for .the plaintiff to have. Phila., B. & W. R. R. v. Diffendal, 109 Md. 494; Orem Fruit Co. v. N. C. Rwy. Co., 106 Md. 1; New York, P. & N. R. R. v. Produce Exchange, 122 Md. 229. The defendant’s twelfth prayer instructs the jury that the defendant, under its contract with the plaintiff, as shown by the bill of lading, did not guarantee or insure that the said strawberries of the plaintiff would reach their destination at Portland, Maine, in good condition, and was only bound to exercise reasonable care to protect them from injury while they were in its custody; and that if the jury found from the evidence that the defendant did exercise reasonable care to protect the said strawberries from injury while they were in its custody in transportation, then their verdict must be for the defendant under the second count *439 of the plaintiff’s declaration. In the Diffendal ca se, supra,, this Court said: “The ordinary common law liability of a common carrier as to most commodities committed to its custody for transportation, is that of an insurer against all risks incident to the transportation, save such as result from the act of God or the public enemy, or the fault of the shipper, but with respect to perishable goods, which themselves contain the elements of destruction occasioning their own loss or deterioration, the carrier is not the insurer, but is required to exercise reasonable care and diligence to protect the goods from injury while in its custody as well as to deliver them with dispatch.” Quoting Hutchinson on Carriers secs. 652 and 334, and Brennison v. Pa. R. R., 100 Minn. 102. In the later case of Pennsylvania R. R. v. Clark, 118 Md. 518, the Court, speaking through Judge Stock-bridge, says: “Whereas formerly and to some extent even yet the carrier was treated as an insurer of the property of the shipper, at the present day this rule has been relaxed when a delivery is made, especially as affecting perishable freight, and there is imposed upon the carrier, in the absence of special contract as to the time of delivery, only the duty of exercising ordinary or reasonable care and diligence under all circumstances of the ease to protect the freight from injury.” In the case of Balto. & O. R. R. Co. v. Deever, 112 Md. at page 355, in discussing the question of whether a common carrier is an insurer, we quoted with approval 6 Cyc. 381, where it is said: -“Where the destruction of or injury -to goods is due to their inherent nature or quality or defects therein, the carrier is not liable if his own negligence did not occasion or contribute to the injury.” And Judge Boyd in -that case added: “And perhaps it may be stated as a general proposition that the carrier is not liable for loss happening from the operation of natural causes.” Other cases supporting this principle are P., B. & W. R. R. v. Lehman, 56 Md. 209, and Shockley v. Pennsylvania R. R., 109 Md. 223. The rule above set forth and supported by the authorities quoted applies in cases where there is no special contract *440 limiting or qualifying this principle of the common law. In the case at .bar there is a special contract which is commonly called “uniform express receipt.” From an examination of this document it will be seen that nowhere do its terms or conditions impose upon the defendant carrier the liability of an insurer of the articles received for transportation, but on the contrary it expressly provides; “Unless caused in whole or in pant by its own negligence or that of its agents, the company shall not be liable for loss, damage or delay caused by the nature of the property or defect or inherent vice therein.” In New York, P. & N. R. R. v. Produce Exchange, supra, we quoted with approval the language employed by Judge Durtom in Missouri, K. & T. R. Co. v. Harriman, 227 U. S. 657, when determining the liability imposed by the federal statute known as the Oarmack Amendment. He said: “The liability imposed by the statute is the liability imposed by the common law upon a common carrier and may be limited or qualified by special contract with the shipper, provided the limitation or qualification be just and reasonable and does not exempt from loss or responsibility due to- negligence.” It will thus be seen that the liability imposed by the statute, in the absence of a special contract to the contrary, is the liability imposed at common law, but such liability may be limited, or qualified by special contract provided the limitation or qualification be just and reasonable and does not exempt from loss, or responsibility due to the negligence of the carrier. In other words, no term or provision can be inserted and made legally enforceable in a special contract, s-ueh as in this case, unless the limitation or qualification sought h> be imposed upon the liability of the carrier is just and reasonable and does not relieve the ■carrier from liability, resulting from negligent acts of its agents or employees. Applying this tost to the terms and provisions of the special contract" in this case, we think that the provision setting forth that “unless caused in whole or in part by its own negligence or that of its agents, the company shall not be liable for loss', damage or delay caused by the nature of the property or defect or inherent vice therein.” *441 is a reasonable and legal limitation upon the liability of the carrier and is permissible both under the common law and the Carmack Amendment, and we find that the lower court committed no error in granting the defendant’s twelfth prayer. The law as defined by the plaintiff’s prayers, all.of which were granted, and the granted prayers of the defendant, put fairly before the jury the only real issue in the case, to wit, whether the damage to the strawberries proven to have taken place between the time of shipment from Queponeo and their arrival at Portland, Maine, was due to the failure of the defendant to keep the car properly iced, as claimed by the plaintiff, or whether such damage was due to an inherent defect in the strawberries, as claimed by the defendant. The record contains evidence tending -to prove both of these contentions, and it was the province of the jury to weigh this evidence, reconciling conflicts, balancing probabilities', and deciding which of these conflicting contentions was the correct one. If the lower court was correct iu its ruling upon the admissibility of the evidence, the jury’s finding of fact cannot be disturbed. We will now proceed to examine the exceptions relating to the evidence. The first, .second, third, fourth, and fifth exceptions, while not abandoned by the appellant, were not seriously urged at the argument or in the brief. The first and second of these exceptions were to questions propounded to the witness Mumford, who was the purchasing agent of the appellant and had purchased and loaded these berries on the car at Queponeo. In the course of his examination in chief he had stated that the car contained 232 crates of strawberries, of 32 quarts each; that 'the berries were Klondyke and that the condition of the berrieg was good, and when asked, “What do you mean when you say the berries were in good condition?” he answered: “I mean they were solid”; that as to the size of the berries, they were from medium to large Klondyke. He was then asked: “Were they wet or dry? Please state to the jury as to what the condition of these berries was with regard to wetness or dryness?” The appellee objected to- this question and the *442 court refused to permit it to foe asked. We can see no sound reason why this question should not have keen permitted, fout in view of the previous testimony of the same witness to the- effect that the berries were in good condition, were of the Klondyke variety, and were- solid at the time they were put in the ear, we do not think that the refusal to permit the question was reversible error. The witness further stated that Kondyke berries were desirable and good for shipping for a long distance; whereupon'he was asked: “Mr. Mumford, state fully the condition of these berries covered by the bill of lading which has 'been offered in evidence, as to their condition when delivered to the express company, in every respect?” Hpon objection by the defendant this question was not permitted to be answered, and this ruling constitutes the second bill of exception. What we have said in reference to the first exception applies to the second. The third exception arises .out of a question put by the plaintiff to Mr. Oarr, of the consignee’s firm, as follows: “Do you know anything about the purchase of a car of strawberries from the Peninsula Produce Exchange on or about June 9th, 1920 ?” which was answered: “I know we ordered a car of fancy Klondyke strawberries and we agreed to' pay $8.25 for them.” To this answer the defendant objected and the objection was sustained by the court. It will be noted that the objection to the answer was made and sustained, hut no motion was made to' strike out the answer, and later on the same witness testified without objection that the price agreed to’ be paid for the berries was $8.25 per crate; therefore no injury resulted to' the plaintiff from the ruling of the court on this exception. The witness, testifying further for the plaintiff, stated that the usual market hours in Portland were from 6 A. M. to' about 9.30 A. M., and he was then asked: “What is the effect upon the market value of berries that arrive after' 9.30 ?” To which question objection was made 'by the defendant and the objection sustained. This question would have been material and proper if the contract of carriage had been to deliver the same in time for a special market, and there had been evi *443 dence adduced of a delay in transportation resulting in their failure to be received in time for that market. Eor the reason given in our discussion in respect to the prayers, it will be seen that there was no- delay in transportation, and therefore this question was immaterial and objection thereto1 was properly sustained. Furthermore, 'the same testimony sought to1 be elicited from this witness by this question was subsequently permitted to be given by 'the same witness without objection. The fifth exception is to- a question asked upon cross-examination of the defendant’s witness Googins, who Was an employee of the defendant, being clerk to the agent at 'the depot in Portland, Maine. This witness had testified as to the running time of trains carrying express cars from Queponco1, the initial point, to Portland, the point of destination, and had stated that if the car left the initial point on Monday night it would arrive in Portland on train No. 87 about no'on of Wednesday, the second day after departure from Queponco. He was then asked: “Don’t you, as a matter of fact, ever get them in the morning on earlier train arriving 6.25 in Portland?” An objection to this question was sustained, and we think properly so, for the reason that the question should have been directed to the usual and ordinary running time of like cars carrying like produce between the same points. If framed in 'that manner it would have been relevant on the question of delay, but the fact that under some unusual and extraordinary.happening a car might be received at Portland at an earlier hour than was usual, could have no legitimate bearing upon the question of delay, and if permitted could only serve to confuse and mislead the jury. Stevens v. Northern Central Rwy. Co., 129 Md. 220, and cases there cited. The remaining exceptions, the sixth to1 the eleventh, inclusive, relate to the qualifications and testimony of Dr. Binney as an expert witness. This witness testified that he lived in Philadelphia and was an inspector of perishable commodities, employed as eastern manager of the Moorhead Inspection Bureau; that the eastern territory included New York, *444 Jersey City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and all territory on the Eastern Shore as far as Norfolk; that he had under his management about thirty-five men employed in inspection work; that he graduated at Kansas University, Horticultural, and took a post-graduate course at the University of Wisconsin; that’he had had seven years’ practical experience in the inspection óf perishable products in the employ of the United States Government, and four years with the organization then employing him; that he had done inspection work of perishable products for the Pennsylvania, Balto., C. & A., Western Maryland, and Lehigh Valley Railroads, and some of the same type of work for the American Railway Express; that he had had experience in the inspection of strawberries, and had followed strawberries in the field, inspecting them from early springtime; the blooming time, straight through to shipment; had followed carloads of strawberries completely from shipping points to terminal points; and had had much general experience in this line. He was then asked :'i “Dr. Binney, I would like for you to tell the court and jury, from your experience with strawberries in the field, the physical Construction of a strawberry ?” Upon the plaintiff’s objection to this question being overruled, an exception was noted, forming the sixth exception. The witness then answered and continued his testimony. The seventh, eighth, and ninth exceptions; like the sixth, relate to questions asked this witness as to his knowledge of strawberries, which questions were objected to on the ground that he had not qualified a& an expert. What is sufficient to qualify a witness as an expert must be left in large measure to the sound discretion of the trial court, and its action in deciding that a witness has or has not qualified as an expert is seldom a ground for reversal. In Baltimore, C. & A. Rwy. Co. v. Moon, 118 Md. 392, the Court, speaking through Judge Pattison, quoted with approval the rule laid down in Jones on Evidence, sec. 369, as follows: “The competence of the expert is a preliminary question resting in the discretion of the court, and unless founded on some error of law, or on serious mistake or abuse of discretion, this ruling *445 is not reversible.” To the same effect is the case of Mahan v. Adam, 144 Md. at page 368. In the present case we think the lower court made no mistake in deciding that the witness Dr. Binney fully qualified as an expert; hut if sxxch. were not the ease, its decision woixld not be reversible error. Exceptions ten and eleven were to the allowance by the court of hypothetical questions propounded to the witness Dr. Binney and his answers' thereto. We think they were properly admitted. The record discloses .that this witness was present during the entire trial and had heard all of the evidence. He had qualified as an expert, and during his examination, conducted for the pxxrpose of determining his qualification as such expert, among other things,, had testified that .the word “waterlogged” has a particular and special meaning among strawberry shippers, and in defining its meaning as understood by them, said: “It means the excessive moistening condition of the broken down tissues of the berries”; that he was familiar with the type of refrigerating car in which these berries were shipped, had had occasion to inspect and examine carloads of berries which he knew had been loaded in the car in good condition, but which, due to improper refrigeration during transit, arrived at destination in bad condition, and also had occasion to examine and inspect at destination carloads of strawberries which he knew to have been in a waterlogged condition when they were loaded and which arrived at destination in bad condition, but had proper refrigeration during transit. The witness was then asked: “Assuming, Dr. Binney, that the strawberries in this case were loaded in the car at Queponco, Maryland, on June 9th, 1920, and that the bunker capacity of the said car was 10,500 pounds, and that the bunkers in the car were iced to said capacity, and that the strawberries were in good condition when they were loaded in the car, and that the car arrived at Springfield, Mass., on June 10th, 1920, at about 5 o’clock in the afternoon, and that the bunkers were found to be three-fourths full of ice at that point, and that 2500 pounds of ice were added to the bunkers at that point, and that the bunkers were thereby *446 filled to1 capacity, and that the car arrived at Portland, Maine, at or about 12.50 P. M. on June 11th, 1920, and that the bunkers in said ear were two-thirds full of ice at arrival, and that the car was inspected at Queponco1, Md., Harrington, Del., Springfield, Mass., and Portland, Maine, and at all those places its refrigeration system was found to be working properly and in good condition, — in what condition, under that refrigeration, should they have arrived at Portland, Maine, on June 11, 1920?” His answer was: “They should have arrived there in good condition.” The second hypothetical question being: “Assuming that the testimony in this case shows that this car of strawberries was loaded at Queponco, Maryland, on June 8th and 9th, 1920, and that the testimony discloses that the berries were in good condition when they left Queponco, and that the car containing same had an icing capacity of 10,500 pounds, and that the car was iced to' capacity when it left Queponco, and that the car arrived at 'Springfield, Mass., at or about 5 P. M., June 10th, 1920, and that the bunkers were about three-fourths full of ice at that point, and that 2500 pounds of ice were added to the car at Springfield, Mass., and that the car arrived at Portland, Maine, at about 12.50 P. M. on June 11th, 1920, and that the bunkers were about two-thirds full of ice at that point, and that some of the berries, upon arrival at Portland, Maine, were in a waterlogged and moldy condition and caked in the baskets, what explanation can you give for that condition at destination?” His answer was : “They must have been unsound when shipped, in some form.” This Court in many .instances has commented upon the inherent weakness of expert testimony, because of the fact that at best it is only an expression of opinion by the witness, and is in a measure usurping the function of the jury; yet' in proper Cases, when a witness has qualified by demonstrating to the court his peculiar knowledge of the question to be decided by 'the jury, and of which the average man would not have knowledge, this class of testimony has uniformly been allowed. The jury understands that the *447 expert’s testimony is not as to a fact, but simply his opinion as to the probable result flowing from facts which the jury might determine have been proven in the case. The opinion of the expert witness has probative force by reason of his unusual and expert knowledge of the subject, gained from study, experience, and observation. The worth of such testimony is based upon the logical inference that, if the witness’ experience and observation have demonstrated that certain circumstances under certain conditions did produce a certain result, like circumstances under like conditions in other cases would produce a similar result. Having decided that this witness properly qualified as an expert, and that the questions propounded to' him were proper hypothetical questions, the weight to be given to his answers was a question for the jury, with which this Court has no concern. Under the granted instructions of the lower court the jury .saw fit -to give more weight to the testimony of the witnesses of the defendant, which sought to prove that the damage to the berries was occasioned by an inherent defect, than they did to the plaintiff’s testimony, which sought to show that the damage was occasioned by the failure of the defendant to keep the ear properly and adequately iced during the time of transportation. Discovering no reversible error in the rulings of the lower court, the judgment must be affirmed. Judgment affirmed, with costs.