Acme-Evans Co. v. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad

*659 Pattison, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. The appellant on the 29th day of August and the 12th day of September, 1917, delivered to the appellee, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, at Indianapolis, in the State of Indiana, 1,204 hags of wheat flour consigned to the order of the appellant, the AcmevEvans Company, Inc., care of Guthrie, Baltimore, Maryland. The flour was transported to Baltimore by the appellee, but-upon its, arrival there it was destroyed by fire on October 29th, 1917, while in the custody of the appellee at its Locust Point terminal. On the 21st of December, 1921, the appellant brought suit against the appellee to recover for the loss of the flour. The declaration filed by it contained six of the common counts, and one special count, in which it, is alleged that the flour was delivered to the defendant at the time and place stated consigned to the plaintiff at Baltimore, Maryland, (-are of Guthrie ; that defendant issued to it bills of lading dated as of the days of delivery, in which it agreed, in consideration of the money paid to it, to transport the flour from the place of delivery to the point of destination and then to deliver it to the consignee; that it failed to deliver the flour but permitted the same to be destroyed. To this special count of the declaration the defendant pleaded: First. ‘'That the alleged cause of action did not accrue within three years, before the institution of this, suit” ; and second. “That the loss or damage complained of in the plaintiff’s declaration occurred prior to the dates on which the shipments in question should have been delivered by the defendant, and that this suit was not instituted within two years and one day after a reasonable time for delivery had ('lapsed, as is required by the terms, of the published classification an,d tariff's of the common carriers who transported said shipments, and under which classifications and tariffs said shipments moved and that said classifications and tariffs were legally published and filed with the Interstate Commerce *660 Commission, and were effective at the time the said shipments were made.” The plaintiff demurred to both of these pleas; the court sustained the demurrer to the first, but overruled the demurrer to the second plea. Thereupon the plaintiff filed its replication to the defendant’s second plea, saying: “The hills of lading issued for the shipments referred to in the declaration contained no provisions limiting the time for instituting, suit,” and with the replication were filed the hills of lading. The defendant demurred to plaintiff’s replication and the same was sustained. The plaintiff thereafter declined to amend, and judgment was entered on the demurrer for defendant’s costs. It is from that judgment that the appeal in this ease was taken. The sole question presented by the appeal is whether plaintiff’s claim was barred by the limitations contained in the interstate' tariffs established by the plaintiff with the approval of the Interstate Commerce Commission, which were in effect at the time shipments were made. The limitations referred to are as follows: “Suits for loss, damage, or delay shall be instituted only within two years and one day after delivery of the property and in case of failure to make delivery then within two years and one day after a reasonable time for delivery has elapsed.” It is contended, however, by the appellant, that the above provision of the tariffs cannot be successfully relied upon by the appellee because of section 206 (f) of the Transportation Act of 1920, which provides that, “the period of federal control shall not be computed as a part of the periods of limitation in actions against carriers * * * for causes of action arising prior to federal control.” The flour, as we have said, was shipped on August 29 th and September 12th, 1917, and was destroyed by fire on October 29th, 1917, and the suit was instituted on the 21st of December,,, 1921. The period of federal control commenced December 28th, 1917, and.terminated March 1st, 1920. If *661 the period of federal control is not to he computed as a pait of the period of limitations, then the action was brought within two years and one day after a reasonable time for the delivery of the flour had elapsed, but if such period of federal control is to be computed as a part of the period of limitations, then the action was not brought within the required rime. It is contended by the appellant, first, that the tariff period of limitations is not, as claimed by the appellee, contractual, but statutory in nature; and, secondly, if such limitations are held contractual in their nature, they are still extended by section 206 (I) of the Transportation Act. Both of these questionsi were presented to and decided by the Circuit Court of Appeals on January 18th, 1922, in New York Cent. R. Co. v. Lazarus, 278 Fed. 900. The facts in that case were as follows: On May 12th, 1917, at Singapore, China, there was delivered to the Seattle Vladivostock Steamship line 994 slabs of tin to be carried to Seattle, Washington, by the Steamship Louise Yeilson, and then ¡by rail to Yew York- The tin. was consigned to the defendant in error. Two hills of lading were issued by the ship;s agents at Singapore but, as in this ease, neither of them contained the provision as to limitations in the tariffs, although the defendant, before receiving the ship - merits, had published and filed a uniform bill of lading with the Interstate Commerce Commission containing' provisions as to such limitations. Upon delivery of the tin to the rail carrier at Seattle no-bill of lading’ was issued at that place. Eventually the intermediate rail carriers delivered the tin to the defendant for transport to Yew York, and the defendant also gave no bill of lading. The two shipments reached Yew York on August 13th and 17th, 1937, and within a day or two- thereafter a shortage was discovered in each shipment, presumably due to-some theft in Yew York freight yards. After the discovery of the shortage the parties negotiated over a long period ol *662 time as to liability, and the plaintiffs commenced no action until the 29th day of September, 1919, more than two years and one day after the loss had been discovered. The rate at which the tin was carried corresponded with the rate provided by the tariffs published and filed by the defendant with the Interstate Commerce Commission which were in effect- at that time. The plaintiff in the lower court (Lazarus v. New York Cent. R. R. Co., 271 Fed. 93), recovered a judgment, but this was reversed on appeal (New York Cent. R. R. Co. v. Lazarus, 278 Fed. 900). The Circuit Court of Appeals in that case said: “There were two through bills of lading issued by the steamship company in China, but they weie not on file with the Interstate Commerce Commission. The interstate tariffs established by the plaintiff in error and applicable to this shipment were conditioned on the terms and conditions of the form of the uniform, bill of lading. Therefore the liability, if any imposed, must be determined by the conditions of the uniform bill of lading'. As a defense, the following provision of the uniform bill of lading was pleaded: “ ‘Suits for loss-, damage, or delay shall be instituted only within two years and one day after delivery of the property or in case of failure to malee delivery then within two years and one day after a reasonable time for delivery has elapsed.’ “This action was not commenced within two years and one day after delivery of the property referred to in the complaint, or within two years and one day after a reasonable time for delivery of the property had elapsed. The rate charged by the plaintiff in error for the transportation of the tin was the rate contained in the tariffs and classifications for the transportation of property shipped subject to the terms and conditions of the uniform bill of lading. The tariffs and classifications were fixed at a higher rate for the transportation of property when not subject to all the terms and conditions of the uniform bill of lading. The consignments of tin were received by rail carrier at Seattle, Wash., on June 17, *663 1917, and delivered in New York City, witli tlie exception of the 183 missing slabs, on the 21st of August, 19,17. The rate paid for the transportation was 50.02 cents per 1,00 pounds, which is the rate contained in the transcontinental east-bound import tariff, duly published and filed with the, Interstate Commerce Commission, and in effect at the time the rules and regulations tiled with the Interstate Commerce Commission provided that the above mentioned rate applies to properties shipped subject to all tlie terms and conditions of the uniform bill of lading which are contained in said classification. The rate charged when the consignor notifies, the carrier that he elects to have his property transported subject to carrier’s common-law and statutory liability, and not subject to all the uniform bill of lading conditions, is, 10 per cent, higher than the rate chargpcl for transportation of property subject to all those terms and conditions. * * * Claims, were presented for the loss of the property in question on August 21, 1,917, and investigations and other negotiations, were pending up to the time of the commencement of this action. “ (1) 11 is contended that the condition of the bill of lading as, to the time within which this action must be commenced was suspended by virtue of the provisions of the Transportation Act of February 28, 1920- (section 206f [41 Stat. 462]). It provides: ‘The period of federal control shall not be computed as a part of the periods of limitation in actions against carriers or in claims, for reparation to the commission for causes of action arising prior to federal control.’ “Section 206 (a) relates to causes of action arising out of federal control, and provides: ‘Such actions, suits, or proceedings may, within the periods of limitation now prescribed by state or federal statutes, but not later than two years from the date of the passage1 of this act, bo brought in any court which but for federal control would have had jurisdiction of the cause of action had it arisen against such carrier.’ “It is contended that section 206 (f) of this act invalidates the period of limitation set forth in the conditions of the uni *664 form bill of lading, and that therefore this action was commenced in time. The argument is that section 206 (f) applies to all periods of limitations, whether applied by contract, regulation or statute. As the phrase ‘periods of limitation’ is used in these sections of the Transportation Act, we think the words apply to limitations ‘now prescribed by the state or federal statutes.’ We think Congress did not intend a different meaning in the use of the words ‘periods of limitations,’ as used in paragraph (f), than their meaning as defined in paragraph (a). A phrase repeated in several sections of the statute will bear the same meaning throughout the statute, unless' a different intention clearly appears. It will be presumed to he used in the same sense, and where its meaning is clear in the one instance, the same understanding will he attached to it elsewhere, unless the legislative body makes clear its intention that it be used in a different sense. Wells Fargo & Co. v. Taylor, 254 U. S. 175, 41 Sup. Ct. 93, 65 L. Ed. 205. “Of the same act section 438 was an amendment and provided that: ‘It shall he unlawful for any such .common carrier to provide by rule, contract, regulation, or otherwise a shorter period for giving notice of claims than ninety days, for the filing! of claims than four months, and for the institution of suits than two years, such period for institution of suits to be computed from the day when notice in writing is given by the carrier to the claimant that the carrier has disallowed the claim or any part or parts thereof specified in the notice.’ “The changes made in this section indicate clearly that Congress did not intend section 206 (f) to apply to provisions in tariff schedules which the common carrier is required to file with the Interstate Commerce Commission. The provisions upon which the plaintiff in error relies as a defense was contained in the contract of transportation, and not in a state or federal statute. And it appears that, if Congress intended to provide in section 206 (f) of the Transportation *665 Act that the period of federal control should not be included, in computing the time specified in the uniform bill of lading conditions, it would have so stated in section 4-38 of the act,, which relates to the provisions of tariff schedules. Louisville Cement Co. v. Interstate Commerce Comm., 246 U. S. 644, 38 Sup. Ct. 408, 62 L. Ed. 914. “-X- * * Section 20 of the Interstate Commerce Act (Comp. St. secs. 8604a, 8604aa) merely prohibits a carrier from incorporating in a bill of lading conditions which it is required to file with the Interstate Commerce Commission. By a provision requiring suits be instituted within less than two years from the time the cause of action accrues, prior to March 4, 1915, the date of the amendment to the Interstate Commerce Act, it was lawful for a, carrier to provide in the bill of lading or file tariff schedules that claims should be presented and suits brought within a, much shorter period than that fixed by the statute. So. Pacific R. R. Co. v. Stewart, 248 U. S. 446, 39 Sup. Ct. 139, 63 L. Ed. 350; Missouri, Kansas & Texas Ry. Co. v. Harriman, 227 U. S. 657, 33 Sup. Ct. 397, 57 L. Ed. 690. From the last quoted eases it is apparent that the right of the carrier to provide £a rule, contract, or regulation,’ that suits must be brought within a reasonable time is not derived from the statute, but existed before the statute was. enacted. The? sí atufe prohibits the carrier from inserting a provision in the uniform bill of lading conditions which, it is required to file with the commission and which, when filed,, constitutes the contract of shipment that, suits must be tried within less than two years from the time the cause of action accrues. ££(3) By the schedules filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission by the plaintiff in error, two forms of agreement for transportation of property were given to the shipper. One was known as the uniform bill of lading, with its conditions referred to, requiring that suits should be instituted within two years; the other contained no provisions with respect to the time for the commencement of actions. It is clear- *666 to us that in the uniform bill of lading the condition as to the two years became a part of the agreement for the transportation of the property in question. Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Ry. Co. v. Crammer, 232 U. S. 490, 34 Sup. Ct. 383, 58 L. Ed. 697. The time within which the defendants in error were entitled to bring; an action is therefore- one fixed by the contract and not by the statute, and the extension of time granted by the provision of the Transportation Act does ,not permit adding thereto the periods of federal control, and it cannot apply, so- as to change the terms of the contract entered into hetween the carrier and the shipper. Congress had the right to suspend the operation of the statute of limitations where the statute deals solely with the remedy, and does not at the same time destroy liability if the action is not brought within the prescribed time. “(4) The suspension of the statute of limitations in actions on personal debts does not, as applied to the. debtor, deprive him of property in violation of the Fifth Amendment. Campbell v. Holt, 115 U. S. 620, 6 Sup. Ct. 209, 29 L. Ed. 483. And the reason therefor is that Congress had the right to extend the statute of limitations because the right to- bring the action did not enter into or become a part of the contract. But where the- time within which an action could be brought is agreed upon by the terms of the contract of shipment, it is one of the terms and conditions thereof and Congress could not deprive the plaintiff in error of this property right, for to- do so would be a violation of the- provisions of the Fifth Amendment. The Harrisburg, 119 U. S. 199, 7 Sup. Ct. 140, 30 L. Ed. 358; Phillips Co. v. Grand Trunk Ry., 236 U. S. 662, 35 Sup. Ct. 144, 59 L. Ed. 774; Central Vt. Ry. v. White, 238 U. S. 507, 35 Sup. Ct. 865, 59 L. Ed. 1433, Ann. Cas. 1916 B, 252. Tt was held in Jones v. Delaware-, L. & W. R. R. Co., 114 Atl. (N. J. Court of Errors and Appeals), that section 206 (f) was inapplicable to actions under the federal Employers’ Liability Act- of 1908 (Oo-mp. St. secs. 8657-8665).” *667 Judge Hand, sitting in the Federal District Court, in Lazarus v. New York Central Railroad, supra, accepted the argument of the defendant that the phrase “periods of limitation” refers only to limitation by statute and does not include a. limitation such as that derived from a bill of lading filed with the commission, but held that as there was no bill of lading in that case, the period was not fixed by contract between the carrier and the shipper, but by legislative permission, and that such limitation deifived its force from positive law rather than contract. It is upon this ground that Judge Hand rested his decision. In the still later case of Thomas Canning Company v. Southern Pacific Company (Mich.), 189 N. W. 210, decided July 20th, 1922, the plaintiff shipped from points in California to itself in Grand Rapids, Mich., three car loads of Leans; the dates of shipments were January 8. March 9, and March 23, 1917. The defendant ivas the initial carrier. Only one of the bills of lading issued thereon contained said provision as to limitations in respect to the time in which .suit might he brought thereon for loss, damage or delay. The last of the shipments was delivered to the plaintiff at Grand Rapids, on April If, 1917. Then1 was a shortage in two of the shipments, and flic other shipment was damaged by oil. The action was brought November 8, 1920. The questions presented in this case were presented in that case and the trial court adopted the contention of the plaintiff and rendered judgment in its favor and an appeal was taken therefrom. Chiew Justice Fellows, speaking for the Supreme Court of Michigan, said: “When this case was tried in the court below the only ease from the federal courts squarely deciding the questions here involved cited to the trial judge was Lazarus v. New York Central R. R. (D. C.) 271 Fed. 93. So far as we are advised by counsel, or so far as. we are able to discover, that case was then the only federal decision squarely deciding the questions involved in this case. If sustained the plaintiff’s con *668 tentions. The questions, being federal questions, the court quite properly followed it. Since this case was tried, that ease has been reviewed in the Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, and will be found reported in 278 Fed. 900, under the title of New York Central R. Co. v. Lazarus et al. The Circuit Court reversed the District Court, and in the opinion filed sustains fully the contention of the defendant in the instant case. We agree with the conclusion reached by the Circuit Court of Appeals, * * *. “The first question which confronts us is whether the schedules and tariffs of defendant company filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission become a part of the contract of shipment and as a part of the contract binding upon the parties to it. Incidental to and as a part of this question is the inquiry as to whether the relation of the parties was contractual or a status fixed by operation of law. In the ■schedules filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission it was stated that, unless otherwise provided, the uniform bill of lading was to be accepted and-used. The shipper, however, was given the option of electing not to ship under and be bound by the bill of lading with the limitations found in it, and if he so1 elected and paid a higher rate a different liability •of the carrier was-thereby created. The plaintiff did not elect to pay the higher rate and secure the greater liability, but paid the rate provided for if the uniform bill of lading was used.” The court, after further discussing the question at some length, and after citing a number of cases, including the New York Central R. R. Co. v. Lazarus, supra, said: “All of those oases and many others hold that the tariffs and schedules filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission become a part of the contract, and as such binding on the parties. To hold otherwise would open wide the door for unjust discrimination.” The court then construed section 206 (f) of the Transportation Act in respect to the period of limitations, in which it *669 followed the line of reasoning and adopted the conclusion of the Circuit Court of Appeals in New York Central v. Lazarus, supra. The next and only other case to which our attention has been called directly deciding the question here presented, is Taylor v. Cinn. N. O. & T. P. T. T. Co., decided on December 8th, 1922, and which is not yet reported. In that ease the appellant shipped a carload of eggs from Somerset, Pulaski County, Ky., to Yew York on October 28,1916, and the carrier issued to him a bill of lading containing the limitation clause above mentioned and set out. In the course of transportation, the eggs were damaged, as claimed, and suit therefor was brought against the carrier. The. appellant filed with his petition the bill of lading. A demurrer to the petition was sustained and the appellant declining; to plead further, the petition was dismissed. An appeal was taken therefrom to the court of appeals, where an affirmance of the judgment was asked, “First — 'because the clause quoted does not include contractual limitations; and Second — the right to a defense given under a contract is property, and to construe the clause as nullifying a contractual limitation that was complete when the Transportation Act was passed would violate the due process of law guaranteed in the Fifth Amendment of the federal Constitution.” As stated in the opinion of the court, it was; upon the second question that the lower court rested its decision and it was upon that question the ease was chiefly argued in the higher court, and that court, speaking in respect to such question, said: “The ease is not stronger than if a statute were involved, and, as w'e have seen, a statute of limitation can be made ineffective in a given case by legislation passed after the bar of the statute has fallen. That being true, certainly a period of limitation fixed by the parties to a contract is subject to like control by the authority that empowered the parties so to .fix the period. The Transportation Act is an attempt to exer *670 cáse that control, and, in our judgment, it is effective even to the extent of nullifying’ a, claim of contractual limitation in existence at the time the act was passed.” The court likewise decided in favor of the appellant upon the first question presented, holding' that the “periods of limitation” mentioned in section 200 (f) of the Transportation Act are applicable to limitations fixed by the parties in a contract of shipment. It was said by the court: “The language of tlio clause in question is broad enough to include every kind of period of limitation. To restrict it to statutory limitations would practically render it a nullity, since the bills of lading are uniform and the limitations therein are necessarily standardized and in general use. The clause was plainly intended, in our opinion, to include all periods of limitation in actions against carriers, whether they be fixed -by statute or by contract authorized by the federal government. So on this ground, as well as the1 other, the contention of appellees must he denied.” In the above cited case, tbe court did not refer to or cite either the Lazarus case or the Thomas Canning Company case. An examination of all the cases from which we have quoted will disclose that in none of them has it been held that the limitation clause, in a bill of lading filed with the commission and issued with the shipment is a statutory limitation; but all of them, including the Lazams case in the district court, and the Taylor Company case in the Kentucky Court of Appeals, recognize and treat such limitation as contractual, and it is only in the Taylor Company case that it is held that the period of limitation mentioned in the section 206 (f) of the Transportation Act applies to both statutory and contractual limitation. Jcdgk. Hawi>, in the Lazarus ease in the district court, after considering sub-section 206 (£) in connection with sub-section 206 (a), said “there is good reason for interpreting the phrase, ‘periods of limitation’ in the same way in each sub-section, and I accept defendant’s argument pro tantoT Tt was because1 there was no bill of lading issued *671 in that case containing the limitation clause, that he held there was no contract between the carrier and the shipper within the meaning of the act, and that the limitation contained in the tariffs, under which the goods were shipped, was not a contractual limitation but a statutory limitation. It. was upon this ground that he rested his decision, and in no other respect were the views of the appellate court inconsistent with those expressed by him. The Federal Circuit Court of Appeals in the Laza/rus case, and the Supreme Court of Michigan in the Thomas Canning Co. case, held that the limitation clause in the tariffs tiled with the commission under which goods are shipped, as well as the limitation clause in a bill of lading, issued with the shipment of goods, is a contractual and not a statutory limitation, and that the phrase “periods of limitation” in section 20b (f) does not apply to contractual limitations, and their reasons for so holding have been fully stated herein. In the ease before us, bills of lading were issued, but they do not contain the limitation clause, although the rates charged were those corresponding to the tariff rates where the1 goods are shipped subject to such clause. This omission, however, did not affect the liability of the parties, for it was not within the power of the carrier to change the terms and provisions of the tariffs approved by the commission without changing the rates to correspond with the changed terms of the contract. It was therefore, the tariffs, and not the bills of lading, as made out, that constituted the contract between (he parties in this case. The appellant, had it so elected, could have obtained contracts for the transportation of the dour1 without the limitation clause, but this it could only do upon paying the higher rates contained in the tariffs filed with the commission. The question, whether the phrase “periods of limitation” includes the limitation in the contract in this case, is a federal question and we are disposed to follow the decision of the federal court in New York Central v. Lazarus, 278 Fed. 900, in which the reasoning appears to be sound. *672 Since writing the above, we have received from the Department of Justice, among other opinions, the decision of the Supreme Court, rendered on January 29th, 1923, in Leigh Ellis & Co. v. James C. Davis, agent; and while we realize that the case is not altogether like this, it refers to the Lazwrus case, and Mu. Justice Holmes, in speaking of the Transportation Act, said, “that the general purpose was to limit not to extend rights of action and that we cannot suppose that it was intended to invalidate existing contracts good when made.” It follows from what we have said that the judgment appealed from will be affirmed. Judgment affirmed, with costs.