Allnutt v. Subsidiary High Court of the United States Ancient Order of Foresters

Campbell, O. J. Relator complains that he has been ’unlawfully suspended from membership in Court City of the Straits, which is an incorporated society of the order of Forresters, organized originally under affiliation with the general ■system of societies of that brotherhood, and obtaining corporate powers under the general statute for benevolent associations. He asks a mandamus to restore him, and the Subsidiary High Court is impleaded as the superior body under whose order the alleged wrong was done. It appears from the showing on both sides that the Forester associations, which originated in England several years ago, act together, by means of local lodges, usually called “ courts,” all of which are in some measure subordinate to the Subsidiary High Court, which appears to be a body of -delegates which has, among other things, a court of final arbitration to which appeals lie from lower courts. Allnutt, the relator, w’ho is a member of the City of the :Straits Court, was charged, by complaint of another body (the Peninsular), with defaming a member of the latter body, whose name is not given in the complaint. The complaint was entirely general, giving no details whatever of the alleged defamation, and was not made by the party injured, as it should have been. It was, however, tried before the proper body in the corporation to which Allnutt belonged, .and he was unanimously acquitted. The person referred to .appears to be one John H. Leys, who occupies a high office in the Subsidiary High Court, and who turns out to have been1 ■charged with dishonesty and immorality. The Peninsular *112 court, whose right to do so we have not found in the rules-y undertook to appeal, making Court City of the Straits respondent in the appeal. The latter appeared before the arbitration board, represented by relator and another person^, who, by what was called a “ demurrer,” but which was in fact what in law would usually be called, an “ answer,” and! was entirely appropriate, raised several objections, a part of which went to the competency of the members of the board of arbitration, and were challenges for cause. The board overruled the other objections, and failed to consider the challenges. The appellee refused to appear further, and the board proceeded to dispose of the matter without the production of any of the letters or other articles claimed to be libelous, and without any proof of their contents, and undertook to reverse the acquittal, and sentenced.Allnutt to a fine of $15, and to-two. years’ suspension. . This being communicated to the inferior court, the second respondent here, he was required to desist from any further action as a member, as it is admitted by his local'society,- which regarded the action of the Subsidiary High Court as illegal, but did not feel justified in-defying it. We are now asked to reinstate him. The Detroit society being a corporation under our laws, the rights of its members are entitled, in a proper case, to-protection. The questions discussed relate to the propriety of our interference in this case. Under our statutes, the corporation in question has the fight and duty of determining the conditions of membership-This it has done by its by-laws, and we find nothing in them which makes such membership subject to the action of any outside body. The Subsidiary High Court is not an incorporated body under the laws of this State. One of the objections raised to its action here is that the rules of the order require it to become incorporated. We shall not undertake to discuss that question, but there is evidently much reason for:it, as it would be contrary to the general legal rules to allow membership in .a corporation to depend on the will or action of an unincorporated outside society. Whatever *113 advantages may exist in affiliation with other associations, the rights of Michigan corporations must be governed by the laws of Michigan, and corporate privileges cannot be destroyed in violation of them. If there are rights independent of those of corporators, they stand on a footing of their own. If members see fit to subject themselves voluntarily to arbitration, it would not be desirable for this Court to undertake to review the action of extrajudicial bodies, and intermeddle with their action in the course of delegated power. But where a corporator is deprived of valuable corporate rights by interference to which he has not assented, he can call upon his own corporation to do him justice. In the present case, if relator is shut out from his corporate rights, he loses privileges of considerable pecuniary value: as benefits and support during sickness, and other similar aid. If these were entirely distinct from his social privileges, the latter would probably be left to the social forum. But whether joint or distinct, we can only look at the case as one where the rights are of tangible value, and determine them accordingly. We shall not, therefore, discuss the mutual relations of these bodies on any other basis, and we shall consider the action had against Allnutt merely to see whether it is such that, by his tacit recognition of the usages of the order, he can be held bound by the proceedings complained of. It may be fairly held that no corporation can allow its members to be disfranchised for any cause or in any manner which it could not have adopted itself. All by-laws must be reasonable, and if not so they are void. This order professes to be dependent for its methods and usages on those of an English corporation, which must be supposed subject to this same common-law rule of reasonableness. All by-laws and regulations must be construed, therefore, on that principle ; and so construed, the proceedings here are very singular. Assuming that the society to which relator belongs has accepted, as it seems to have done, the rule that a member may be disciplined for libel of another member, yet the English rules expressly, and the American rules by the only *114 implication which is reasonable, restrict the punishment to cases where the libel is without any reasonable cause. It is well-settled common law that the mere fact of defamation of another member is no cause of discipline. Any other doctrine would be monstrous, and it cannot be held that a corporation in this State shall deprive any member of his rights unless he is himself grossly in fault. Neither can any one be called on to meet vague and uncertain charges. The charge here was no charge at all, and the conviction itself does not show who was defamed, or by what means. Passing by other defects, which are, however, very serious, the rules of the order, assuming them to be valid, limit fines in this class of cases to five dollars. (Art. 21.) The American rules differ in this from the English; but neither code ' allows more than one form of punishment to be imposed. (Art. 24.) Fine, suspension, or expulsion may be imposed, •but there is nothing in any of the rules allowing a double punishment. In the absence of direct provisions to the con- • trary, it is well settled that power to give an alternative sentence does not authorize a double one, and that any such sentence is void. Giving to the peculiar affiliation shown here the widest possible effect, and assuming — what all parties have assumed, for the purposes of this proceeding — that the corporation has subjected itself and its members to the complete system of the order, the sentence given is null, and void, and the prosecution itself entirely unauthorized. Had the proceedings been properly instituted, and the sentence competent, we should have declined to scrutinize what might be treated as resting on a jurisdiction by consent. But these proceedings disregarded all correct principles, and we think it proper to require relator’s restoration, and, for this purpose, the writ must go to the defendant corporation, without costs, as we are satisfied that body has meant no wrong. So far as the other respondent is concerned, we do not propose to review its action directly, because it is not a body known to the- law, and the action is void according to its own code. It is denied, on its own behalf, that this body is a cor *115 poration, and, that being so,' the appearance, by Mr-. Leys amounts to nothing,. and ■ the' Detroit corporation must be considered the only respondent whom we c.an recognize as before us. We have looked into the proceedings, because pertinent to the corporate action of-the legal respondent, and have considered the arguments so ably presented in behalf of the high court. It is much to-be regretted that so much personal bitterness has governed parties who' should have been impartial. No association can hold together if its'authorities are not disposed to respect the rights of members faii’ly, and in accordance with impartial justice. . ' The writ must issue as above suggested. - Sherwood and Morse, JJ., concurred.