Hardenburgh v. Hardenburgh

Appeal by defendant from an order denying his motion for change of place of trial. The action, which was brought in Richland county, is to recover for breach of a written contract for sale. Defendant's motion was for a transfer of the action to Missoula county upon the grounds: (1) That defendant resided in that county at the time of the commencement of the action and (2) that Missoula county is the county in which the contract was to be performed. It appears from the complaint, the copy of the contract[1] attached thereto and the affidavit of defendant filed in support of his motion: That plaintiffs and defendant operated a commercial outdoor advertising business in the city of Missoula and surrounding territory; that on June 23, 1932, plaintiffs entered into a contract with defendant to sell him their interest in such business; that on the same date the parties also entered into an escrow agreement and plaintiffs executed a bill of sale of their interest, which papers were then placed in escrow with the First National Bank of Missoula, Montana; that more than eight years *Page 472 passed and on April 19, 1941, at Missoula, the parties entered into a new written contract (the one sued upon) wherein they "mutually agreed to replace said agreement of June 23, 1932 and the escrow instructions of the same date, by the terms and stipulations" contained in the new contract; that in the new contract the plaintiffs promised to deliver to defendant the bill of sale "now held in escrow in the First National Bank of Missoula, Montana, conveying to the party of the first part [defendant] all their right, title and interest in and to the commercial advertising business heretofore mentioned"; that plaintiffs promised in the contract to "instruct the First National Bank of the City of Missoula, Montana, to deliver to the party of the first part [defendant] the Bill of Sale heretofore described, which said Bank now holds in escrow, and also to deliver to the said party of the first part [defendant] the agreement and escrow instructions dated June 23, 1932;" that the defendant promised in the contract to pay to plaintiffs or their order commencing with the 10th day of May, 1941, $100 per month as long as they or either of them shall live; that in the new contract the parties agreed that such contract "shall be in lieu of and shall replace the agreement dated June 23, 1932, and the escrow instructions of the same date and said agreement and escrow instructions are hereby declared by the parties to be null and void and of no further force or effect;" that the defendant promised to pay a reasonable attorney's fee in case of suit against him on the contract; that in event of the death of defendant before either of plaintiffs the contract was to become null and void and not to be the basis of any claim against the defendant's estate; that at the time of entering into the new contract all the contracting parties were then residents of the city and county of Missoula; that on May 24, 1943, when suit was commenced, and on the following day, when summons was served upon him, the defendant then was a bona fide resident of Missoula county, that defendant was served with process in Missoula county and that he has resided therein for 25 years last past. Plaintiffs demand judgment in the amount of certain interest installments alleged to be delinquent together *Page 473 with interest, attorneys' fees and costs. The complaint alleges that "at all times material to this cause of action" plaintiffs have been and now are both residing at Sidney, Richland county, Montana, without alleging when plaintiffs removed from Missoula county or for what period of time they claimed to have resided in Richland county. In his affidavit the defendant, among other things, deposes: "That said action is founded upon a written contract, a copy of which is attached to the complaint, which written contract was executed in and to be performed in Missoula County, Montana and that all the parties thereto were resident in Missoula County, Montana at the time of the execution of said written contract." The one and only statement in the above paragraph which plaintiffs controvert is that the contract was to be performed in Missoula county, it being their contention that it was to be performed in Richland county. A question of venue is presented, namely: What is the proper county for the trial of this action? The answer to the above question must be found in the terms of the statutes of this state regulating venue in civil actions. The statutes which regulate the venue of such actions are sections 9093 to 9098, inclusive, Revised Codes. The general rule governing venue in civil actions is that the[2] action shall be tried in the county in which the defendant resides at the commencement of the action. (67 C.J. title Venue, sec. 27, p. 24; sec. 30, pp. 27, 28.) In olden times venue indicated the county from which the jury was to come. This is the basis for the general rule: "Anciently a jury of one county could not try any matter arising in another county. A foreign county was almost as formidable a thing as a foreign country." (27 R.C.L. sec. 2, p. 778.) In present day[3] legal phraseology "venue" means the proper county for the trial of a cause; that is, the county or counties fixed by statute for the trial. "Venue" is not "jurisdiction" for jurisdiction may not be conferred by consent or waiver while venue may be altered either by consent or by waiver. (StantonTrust Savings Bank v. Johnson, 104 Mont. 235,65 P.2d 1188.) *Page 474 The statutes regulating venue provide either (a) for the application of the rule or (b) for the application of an exception to the rule. The Fourth Territorial Legislative Assembly (1867) enacted a Civil Practice Act and in sections 18 and 19, pages 137, 138 thereof, the venue of certain enumerated actions was specifically provided and these constituted exceptions to the general rule. However, in section 20, page 138, of said Act the general rule was adopted and it was provided that in all other cases than those enumerated in sections 18 and 19, supra, the action shall be tried in the county in which the defendants, or any of them, may reside at the commencement of the action. At all times since 1867 such provision has been a part of the law of this state. Section 20, supra, of the Civil Practice Act of 1867 provided; "In all other cases the action shall be tried in the county in which the defendants, or any of them, may reside at the commencement of the action; or, if none of the defendants reside in the Territory, or if residing in the Territory, the county in which they so reside be unknown to the plaintiff, the same may be tried in any county which the plaintiff may designate in his complaint; and if any defendant or defendants may be about to depart from the Territory, such action may be tried in any county where either of the parties may reside, or service be had; subject however to the power of the court to change the place of trial, as provided in this Act." In the enactment of the Codified Statutes of 1871, all of section 20, supra, was carried forward in the Codes and in addition thereto new matter was added by way of amendment, which new matter we are indicating in italics, said statute, as amended, reading: "Sec. 25. In all other cases, the action shall be tried in the county in which the defendants, or any of them, may reside at the commencement of the action, or where theplaintiff resides, and the defendants or any of them may befound; or, if none of the defendants reside in the territory, or, if residing in the territory, the county in which they so reside be unknown to the plaintiff, the same may be tried in any county which the plaintiff may designate in his complaint; and if any defendant or defendants *Page 475 may be about to depart from the territory, such action may be tried in any county where either of the parties may reside, or service be had. Actions upon contracts may be tried in thecounty in which the contract was to be performed; and actions fortorts, in the county where the tort was committed; subject, however, to the power of the court to change the place of trial as provided in this Act." Except for changing the word "territory" to the word "state" and changing the word "act," being the last word in the statute, to the word "Code," said section 25 of the Codified Statutes of 1871, page 31, has been re-enacted and carried through the various subsequent revisions of the Codes, and now appears as section 9096, Revised Codes of Montana of 1935. As the instant action is not of any class enumerated in the exceptions provided in sections 9093, 9094 and 9095, Revised Codes of 1935, its venue must be determined under the provisions of section 9096, Revised Codes, which applies to "all other cases." Section 9096, excepting only the last sentence thereof, was originally taken from the Code of Civil Procedure of the state of California and the early decisions construing the statute held that the right of the defendant to have the action against him tried in the county of his residence was absolute under the statute and that the court has no discretion in the matter. (Watkins v. Degener, 63 Cal. 500; Williams v. Keller,6 Nev. 141.) As was said in Brown v. Happy Valley FruitGrowers, 206 Cal. 515, 521, 274 P. 977, 979: "The right of a defendant to have an action brought against him * * * in the county in which he has his residence is an ancient and valuable right, which has always been safeguarded by statute and is supported by a long line of judicial decisions." While the right given the defendant by section 9097, Revised Codes, to demand that the action against him be tried in the proper county is a valuable one, yet it is a right which may or may not be claimed by defendant (Stanton Trust Savings Bank v. Johnson, supra; O'Hanion v. Great Northern Ry. Co.,76 Mont. 128, 245 P. 518), for section 9097 provides: "If the *Page 476 county in which the action is commenced is not the proper county for the trial thereof, the action may, notwithstanding, be triedtherein, unless the defendant, at the time he appears and answers or demurs, files an affidavit of merits, and demands, in writing, that the trial be had in the proper county." The defendant in this action complied with the above statutory provisions. He filed a demurrer to the complaint and, at the same time, a demand in writing that the cause be transferred to Missoula county for trial supported by an affidavit of merits. It is conceded that defendant's demand was made in the manner and within the time prescribed by section 9097, Revised Codes, supra. The law does not require that the parties to a contract agree upon a place for the performance of their contract but itpermits them to so agree. When, at the time of contracting, the parties have agreed upon a particular county wherein they mutually intended their contract was to be performed such agreement will be respected and given effect for it is a part of the freedom of contract to select the place where a contract[4] shall be performed. In order to give full effect to the mutual intention of parties the legislature has enacted, as a permissive exception to the general venue rule declared in the first sentence of section 9096 an additional provision, appearing in the second sentence of the section, designating the county wherein, at the time of contracting, the parties had agreed their contract was to be performed as a proper county for the trial of an action based thereon. This performance exception, however, applies only to such actions as are based upon contracts which plainly show, either (a) by their express terms or (b) by necessary implication therefrom, that the contracting parties, at the time of contracting, did mutually agree upon a particular county other than that of defendant's residence wherein they intended that their contract was to be performed. Theperformance exception set forth in the second sentence of the general venue statute, section 9096, provides: "Actions upon contracts may be tried in the county in which the *Page 477 contract was to be performed." (Emphasis ours.) It will be noted that in enacting this provision the legislature used the permissive word "may." "Such a provision furnishes an exception to the general rule that defendant must be sued in the county wherein he resides, and confers a purely statutory right. It applies only to contracts which by their terms are to be performed or under which payment is to be made in a particular place, but where such terms exist they permit suit to be brought in the county fixed by them, although the defendant resides in another county." (67 C.J. title Venue, sec. 33, pp. 30, 31.) "The right of a plaintiff to have an action tried in another county than that in which the defendant has his residence is exceptional, and, if the plaintiff would claim such right, he must bring himself within the terms of the exception." (Brady v. Times-Mirror Co., 106 Cal. 56,39 P. 209, 210.) In 67 Corpus Juris, Title "Venue," it is said: "To bring a contract within the operation of statutes of the character under consideration the obligation to perform in a particular countymust be plainly present either under the express terms of thecontract or by necessary implication therefrom and venue cannot be conferred on a doubtful construction of the contract. (Sec. 38, p. 33.) * * * The particular county must be fixed and certainat the time the contract is executed, * * *. The statute applies only in a case where the party, at the time of executingthe contract, agrees to perform his part thereof in some particular county other than his residence and does not apply to a provision of a conditional sales contract allowing the other party to designate the place of payment. (Sec. 39, p. 34.) * * * Statutes of the character under consideration have frequently been applied in actions arising out of contracts for the sale of personalty. To maintain suit in another county than that of defendant's residence plaintiff must clearly show the factsrelied on to bring the case within one of the exceptions to therule and the contract must state so clearly that it is to beperformed in another county than that of defendant's residencethat no other fair construction can be placed *Page 478 upon it. (Sec. 50, p. 39.) * * * Statutory provisions creating exceptions to the general rule recognizing a defendant's privilege to be sued in his own county will not be gvien a strained or doubtful construction. * * * Agreement must be clear. A mere direction by the seller as to the place of payment is not sufficient, nor can a promise to remit to cover the purchase price be sued upon by the seller in the county of the point to which the remittance is to be made." (Sec. 51, p. 41.) It is not the fact that the action is founded upon a contract but the fact that the contract sued upon indicates the particular county in which, at the time of contracting, the parties mutually intended it was to be performed that brings the action withinthe performance exception provided in the second sentence of section 9096. In the early case of Yore v. Murphy, 1891,10 Mont. 304, 25 P. 1039, 1040, in determining the question of venue and whether the action sounded in contract or in tort, this court observed "If in contract, it seems that the face of the contract must disclose that it was to be performed in the county in which the action was commenced, in order to lay and retain venue in that county." The words, "the county in which the contract was to be performed," employed in the statute, refer to contracts which by their terms indicate that they were to be performed in a particular county. (Lamar Alfalfa Milling Co. v.Bishop, 80 Colo. 369, 250 P. 689.) Performance consists in the doing of the things promised to be[5] done. The obligation may be for the delivery of money only in which event the performance is called payment. (Sec. 7429, Rev. Codes.) However, the contract before us called for the doing of various things other than the delivery of money, hence payment alone would not fulfill the obligation nor constitute performance of the contract. Thus has the word "performance" a more comprehensive meaning than the word "payment" and, since the legislature, in framing the statute, employed the more comprehensive phrase "was to be performed" without limiting its meaning, either by context or qualifying word, it is to be accepted in its broadest signification. *Page 479 The contract before us having been reduced to writing, "the intention of the parties is to be ascertained from the writing alone, if possible; subject, however, to the other provisions of" Chapter 108 of the Civil Code. (Sec. 7530, Rev. Codes.) It is conceded that the contract contains no express stipulation designating any particular county as "the county in which the contract was to be performed." (Sec. 9096, Rev. Codes.) The venue of an action based upon such contract is regulated by the general rule alone, unless it may be said that the nature of the contract itself, considered in connection with the facts and circumstances under which it was made, including the matter to which it relates and the pertinent provisions of the code (sec. 7538, Rev. Codes; Bank of Yolo v. Sperry Flour Co., 141 Cal. 314,74 P. 855, 65 L.R.A. 90), plainly indicate that, at the time of contracting, it was then the mutual intention of the parties that the contract was to be performed in a particular county other than that of defendant's residence. The legislature has enacted certain statutes which prescribe the rules by which "all contracts, whether public or private, are to be interpreted." (Sec. 7526, Rev. Codes.) These provisions are obligatory on the courts. "A contract must be so interpreted as to give effect to the mutual intention of the parties as itexisted at the time of contracting, so far as the same isascertainable and lawful." (Sec. 7527, Rev. Codes.) (Emphasis ours.) "The whole of a contract is to be taken together, so as to give effect to every part, if reasonably practicable, each clause helping to interpret the other." (Sec. 7532.) "A contract may be explained by reference to the circumstances under which it was made and the matter to which it relates." (Sec. 7538.) "If the terms of a promise are in any respect ambiguous or uncertain, it must be interpreted in the sense in which the promisor believed,at the time of making it, that the promisee understood it." (Sec. 7540.) Where a contract "does not indicate a place of performance," it is to be interpreted "according to the law and usage of the place where it is made." (Sec. 7537.) (Emphasis ours.) "All things that in law or usage are considered as incidental to a contract, *Page 480 or as necessary to carry it into effect, are implied therefrom, unless some of them are expressly mentioned therein, when all other things of the same class are deemed to be excluded." (Sec. 7547.) "Stipulations which are necessary to make a contract reasonable, or conformable to usage, are implied, in respect to matters concerning which the contract manifests no contrary intention." (Sec. 7546.) "However broad may be the terms of a contract, it extends only to those things concerning which it appears that the parties intended to contract." (Sec. 7539.) This contract involves a mutual agreement to sell and buy an interest in a business located in Missoula county. (Sec. 7583, 7586, Rev. Codes.) The property which the plaintiffs agree to sell and the defendant to buy was deliverable at Missoula, theplace in which it was at the time of making the agreement. (Sec. 7601.) Upon its delivery, in the absence of agreement to the contrary, the defendant buyer, then and there, became obligated to "pay the price of the thing sold." (Sec. 7622.) The statutory time of payment was modified by express stipulation in the contract agreeing to the payment of the price in monthly installments but the statutory place of payment, being theplace where the property was at the time of the making of the agreement (sec. 7601), was not modified or changed nor is there anything in the contract or about its making that shows any intention on the part of the parties to provide any other or different place for payment of the price than Missoula where the property was at the time of contracting. In 17 C.J.S., title Contracts, section 357, page 815, it is said: "A contract is[6] performable at the place stipulated by the parties, or, in the absence of a stipulation, at the place where the parties supposedly understood at the time of the contract that it was to be performed. * * * In the absence of an express stipulation or of facts and circumstances showing that the parties intended performance to be elsewhere, the place of performance is deemed to be the place where the contract was made." When the terms of the agreement are considered in the light of common usage and the matter to which the agreement relates, *Page 481 it is clear that Missoula county was the place in which the contracting parties, at the time of contracting, intended their contract was to be performed, but since this is the county in which the defendant resided at the commencement of the action the venue here is regulated by the rule rather than by theperformance exception provided in section 9096, Revised Codes. In Swartz v. California Olive Growers' Packing Corp., 56 Cal.App.2d 168,133 P.2d 20, 22, it was said: "Inasmuch as the contract specified no place of performance it was performable in the county in which the circumstances attendant upon the execution of the writing indicate that the parties intended as a theater of its performance." (See also Joe Lowe Corp. v.Rasmusson, 53 Cal.App.2d 490, 127 P.2d 1002.) Except for the causes enumerated in sections 9093, 9094 or 9095, Revised Codes, the venue of all civil actions is regulated by the provisions of section 9096. In the following cases involving actions upon contracts the county of defendant's residence, under the first sentence of section 9096 declaringthe rule, was held to regulate the venue, viz.: Wallace v.Owsley, 11 Mont. 219, 27 P. 790; McDonnell v. Collins,19 Mont. 372, 48 P. 549; Bond v. Hurd, 31 Mont. 314,78 P. 579, 3 Ann. Cas. 566; State ex rel. Schatz v. District Court,40 Mont. 173, 105 P. 554; Feldman v. Security State Bank,62 Mont. 330, 206 P. 425; McKinney v. Mires, 95 Mont. 191,26 P.2d 169. In the following cases the county in which the contract was to be performed, under the second sentence orperformance exception of section 9096 was held to regulate the venue, viz: State ex rel. Coburn v. District Court, 41 Mont. 84,108 P. 144; State ex rel. Interstate Lumber Co. v.District Court, 54 Mont. 602, 172 P. 1030; State ex rel.Western Accident Indemnity Co. v. District Court, 55 Mont. 330,176 P. 613; Hough v. Rocky Mountain Fire Ins. Co.,70 Mont. 244, 224 P. 858; Stiemke v. Jankovich. 72 Mont. 363,233 P. 904; Silver v. Morin, 74 Mont. 398, 240 P. 825;Courtney v. Gordon, 74 Mont. 408, 241 P. 233; H. EarlClack Co. v. Staunton, 100 Mont. 26, 44 P.2d 1069;Kroehnke v. Gold Creek Mining Co., 102 Mont. 21,55 P.2d 678; Colbert Drug Co. v. Electrical *Page 482 Products Consolidated, 106 Mont. 11, 74 P.2d 437, andThomas v. Cloyd, 110 Mont. 343, 100 P.2d 938. Our early decisions uniformly held that the performanceexception of the statute applies only to actions on express contracts (Bond v. Hurd, supra) wherein the contract sued upon discloses on its face that it was to be performed in a particular county other than that of defendant's residence (Yore v. Murphy, supra); and that "in all other cases" the venue was regulated by the first sentence of section 9096 declaring the general rule governing place of trial. In State ex rel. Coburn v. District Court, 1910, supra,[7] the court departed from its former decisions and held theperformance exception to be applicable to an action on a contract wherein the contract failed to state in terms where it was to be performed. The opinion not only fails to distinguish our former decisions but it omits to refer to any of them. In State ex rel. Interstate Lumber Co. v. District Court, 1918, supra, the court further departed from its former construction of the general venue statute and: (1) held, that the provision of the first sentence of the statute declaring therule is wholly inapplicable to actions upon contracts excepting only actions on contracts performable outside of the state; (2)held, that the performance exception is applicable to actions on contracts of every kind, whether express or implied; (3)held, that the venue of all actions on all contracts, excepting contracts performable outside the state, is regulated by the provisions of the performance exception only; (4) held, that the permissive word "may" in the performance exception of the statute should be given the force of the imperative word "must;" (5) held, that the residence of the defendant is no longer a material consideration for determining the venue of either actions upon contracts or actions for torts, and (6) specifically overruled the Montana cases of Wallace v. Owsley, supra,McDonnell v. Collins, supra, Bond v. Hurd, supra, and "all the decisions which are not in harmony with the conclusion herein expressed." [54 Mont. 602, 172 P. 1032.] No decision theretofore rendered by this court is in harmony *Page 483 with the above holdings. The only case theretofore decided by this court which is not in hopeless conflict with the conclusion therein expressed is the Coburn case, supra, and it assigns wholly different reasons from those advanced in the InterstateLumber Co. case, supra. Provisions similar, and in some cases identical with those of section 9096, Revised Codes, are found in the venue statutes of other states, yet we have found no other court that has found it impossible to construe the statute as written or that holds that unless the word "may" therein be changed to "must" the provision should be rendered meaningless. For example, identical provisions are found in the general venue statute of Colorado where the Supreme Court of that state, in Kimberlin v. Rutliff,93 Colo. 99, 23 P.2d 583, 584, said: "The contract is silent as to place of performance. In that situation, the Code provision relative to the right of trial in the county where the contract is to be performed is not applicable. Such provision hasreference to contracts which by their terms are to be performedat a particular place." (See, also E.F. Gobatti Engineering M. Corporation v. Oliver Wells Works, Colo., 1943, 139 P.2d 269, and Palfreyman v. Trueman, Utah 1943,142 P.2d 677.) The Utah statute construed in Palfreyman v. Trueman, supra, clearly applies only to written contracts and to only such of those as plainly and definitely indicate a particular place of performance, but this court uniformly held, prior to the decision in the Coburn case, that the performance exception of our statute likewise applied only to express contracts and to only such of these as, in terms or by necessary implication therefrom, indicate a particular place in which the parties intended that the contract was to be performed. In all other cases, including all cases where any doubt or uncertainty exists as to whether the parties intended that the contract was to be performed in a particular place or in which they omitted plainly to indicate a particular place of performance, it was held that the performance exception did not apply and that the venue of an action brought on such contract *Page 484 should be determined under the provisions of the first sentence of section 9096, Revised Codes, wherein is declared the rule. However, in the Coburn case, 1910, supra [41 Mont. 84,108 P. 145], a contract of employment in which "there was not any place of payment mentioned" was held to come within the performance exception. To accomplish this result, the court indulged the presumption that at the time of contracting, by omitting all reference to any place of performance, the contracting parties thereby manifested an intention to incorporate in their contract the old English rule relating to tender, viz: "that, where the place of payment is not specified, the debtor must seek his creditor, if within the `four seas,' and make tender to him," where the creditor has his place of business, or where the creditor resides, or wherever he may be found. In addition to relying upon the tender rule the court also cited with approval the California case of Bank of Yolo v.Sperry Flour Co., supra, which neither applied nor involved the tender rule. The next departure from the construction theretofore given our general venue statute occurred in the InterstateLumber Co. case, 1918, supra, and, as before stated, the decision was based upon entirely different reasons from those assigned in the Coburn decision. In the Interstate Lumber Co.case, the court by its construction of the general venue statute (sec. 9096, Rev. Codes) inserted into the statute the imperative word "must" in lieu of the permissive word "may" and held that the term "contract," as used in the general venue statute, must be accepted in its broadest signification and as including every kind of contract, whether express or implied. By so construing the term "contract" and by inserting the word "must" for the word "may" used in the statute, the court entirely eliminated the application of the venue rule declared in the first sentence of section 9096 in any action upon contract irrespective of whether or not any place of performance was stipulated therein. To so change and amend the venue statute required the action of the legislative department of the government, the powers of which the judicial department is prohibited from exercising. (Constitution, Article IV.) The court *Page 485 is charged with the duty of ascertaining and giving effect to the intention of the legislature in enacting the statute and of ascertaining and giving effect to the intention of the contracting parties in making the contract. The court may not rewrite or remake either the statute or the contract. We must take each as it is written. The intention is to be ascertained from what the statute or contract contains and not from what is omitted therefrom. Section 10519, Revised Codes, provides: "In the construction of a statute or instrument, the office of the judge is simply to ascertain and declare what is in terms or in substance contained therein, not to insert what has been omitted, or to omit what has been inserted; and where there are several provisions or particulars, such a construction is, if possible, to be adopted as will give effect to all." The rule relating to tender invoked in the Coburn case, supra, is not only inconsistent with but it is the antithesis of the general rule regulating venue. The venue rule is for the purpose of determining, at the outset, the proper place for the trial of an action and it is stated in terms of parties to an action and is to the effect that in the absence of facts which clearly bring the action within the terms of some statutory exception, the venue shall be fixed in the county in which the defendant resides at the time suit is commenced. The tender rule, on the other hand, is not stated in terms of parties to a civil action but it is stated in terms of debtor and creditor and, to be applied to venue, the tender rule must be translated from the terms of debtor and creditor in which it is stated to the terms by which the parties to a civil action are known. (Sec. 9009, Rev. Codes.) At the commencement of an action and in advance of the trial, which party to the lawsuit is the debtor and which is the creditor? To presume that the plaintiff in the action is the creditor is to presume that he will prevail in the lawsuit. However, plaintiffs do not always win. Frequently the action results in a judgment for the defendant and sometimes the defendant is awarded judgment on a counterclaim in which event the defendant is clearly the judgment creditor. *Page 486 If, however, the action is upon a contract which does not in terms, or by necessary implication therefrom, indicate that it was to be performed in a particular place and if we presume that the place of performance contemplated by the statute is the same as the place of payment and if we presume in advance of the trial that the plaintiff is the crdeitor and if we presume that the tender rule is applicable and if we presume that the contracting parties are presumed to know the law and that, at the time of contracting, they intended that such law, i.e., the rule relating to tender, should be inserted and read into their contract, and that thereby a place of performance is fixed as any county wherein plaintiff had his place of business or wherein he resided or wherein he happened to be when he instituted suit, then, by simply indulging such presumptions, would the general venue rule be entirely construed out of and eliminated from the general venue statute, and in lieu thereof would be inserted the tender rule which makes the plaintiff's place of business or residence or whereabouts the determining factor controlling venue. The court, however, may not resort to such presumptions to remake the contract or rewrite the statute for a conclusion based upon a double presumption is not permissible (Holt v. Sather,81 Mont. 442, 457, 264 P. 108) and a fortiori a conclusion based upon a chain of presumptions will not be tolerated. (Doran v. United States Building Loan Ass'n., 94 Mont. 73,78, 20 P.2d 835.) The principal purpose of the legislature in enacting section 9096, Revised Codes, was to preserve and declare the common-law rule governing venue and to require its application to all cases other than those specifically excepted from its operation and this purpose may not be frustrated by reading into the statute the tender rule which brings about the opposite result from that intended by the legislature. The tender rule may not be invoked to circumvent the general venue rule and for these reasons we specifically overrule State ex rel. Coburn v. District Court, supra, State ex rel. Western Accident Indemnity Co. v.District Court, supra, Hough v. Rocky Mountain Fire InsCo., *Page 487 supra, and such other of our decisions as have applied the tender rule for the purpose of determining the venue of actions upon contracts. Only uncertainty and confusion can result from attempts to read the tender rule into our general venue statute. To illustrate, may we assume that at the Silver Wave Mine in Broadwater county, mentioned in the Coburn case, 56 miners had been employed; that each miner resided in a different county in this state; that upon failure to pay them the wages due for labor which they had supplied in operating the mine, the miners each returned to his home and there, in the county of his residence, each should institute a separate suit against the employer for the recovery of the wages due. Application of the tender rule in determining the venue would compel the defendant employer to defend a separate action in each of the 56 counties of this state and would defeat his statutory right to have the actions transferred for trial to the county of his (defendant's) residence or to Broadwater county wherein the contracts were made and the labor performed. To such doctrine, this court declined to subscribe in Feldman v. Security State Bank, 62 Mont. 330,206 P. 425, which on principle may not be distinguished from the case at bar. We also expressly disapprove of the holding in the InterstateLumber Company case that the word "may" in the second sentence of section 9096, Revised Codes, should be given the force of "must." The law is that the word "may" in the statute must be construed according to the context and the approved usage of the language (sec. 15, Rev. Codes) and that in construing the statute, every word, clause and sentence must be given effect, if it is possible to do so, to the end that its different provisions may be made consistent and harmonious and each be assigned an intelligent meaning. (State ex rel. Interstate Lumber Co. v.District Court, supra.) We further hold that the provisions of the first sentence of section 9096 applies to all actions upon contract and to all actions for torts but that such provisions are not exclusive, for a tort action may also be tried in the county in which the tort was committed *Page 488 and actions on contract may also be tried in the county in which the contract was to be performed provided that the contract sued upon indicates, either in terms or by express implication therefrom, a particular county in which it was to be performed other than the county in which the defendant may reside at the commencement of the action. In the Coburn case, it would seem that the nature of the contract and the facts and circumstances surrounding its making manifest the mutual intention of the employers and employees at the time the contract was entered into. The manifestation of mutual intent may be made wholly or partly by written or spoken words or by other acts or conduct, for it would seem that in the absence of agreement or facts and circumstances indicating a contrary intent, when persons are employed at a mine, mill, smelter, ranch or home and there perform labor and render services, it is contemplated by the parties, employer as well as employed, that upon the performance of the services the employee shall receive and be paid his wages there at the mine, mill, smelter, ranch or house where the work was performed. These are common, everyday transactions. They must be so viewed by the courts. The contracts must be interpreted in a common-sense manner such as would be given them by the contracting parties and without resort to some ancient rule brought over from England governing tender of which the contracting parties in all probability had never heard and upon which there is nothing other than fiction and presumptions based upon presumptions to evidence any mutual intention to incorporate into their contract. "Centuries ago the practice became settled that where work is to be done by one party to a contract, and payment is to be made by the other, the performance of the work, when no relative times for the performances are specified in the contract, must precede payment. It is so generally true that parties now contract with reference to this custom, that apart from any manifestation of intention the law imposes a constructive condition." (Restatement of the Law. Contracts, sec. 270, p. 393.) For these reasons and wholly apart from any and all application *Page 489 of the tender rule, we are of the opinion that this court reached the correct result in the Coburn case and that in the absence of anything more specific than appeared in the record in that case "that the entire contract was to be performed at the mine in Broadwater county, and that the parties to the agreement never contemplated that the men engaged in daily labor at the mine should have to go to some other county to collect their wages." In the cited case of Bank of Yolo v. Sperry Flour Co., supra [141 Cal. 314, 74 P. 855, 65 L.R.A. 90], the Supreme Court of California said: "The plaintiff had the right to commence the action in the county where the contract was made, or where it was to be performed. * * * In a suit upon the contract of a corporation, where no place of performance is expressly stipulated, it ought to be held performable in the place where the circumstances, viewed in the light of pertinent code provisions, indicate that the parties expected or intended it to be performed." The case of Wallace v. Owsley, supra, is on all fours with the State ex rel. Interstate Lumber Co. v. District Courtcase, supra. In each case the seller, a merchant, at the instance and request of the buyer, sold and delivered to the buyer at the seller's place of business in Helena, Lewis and Clark county, Montana, merchandise for an agreed price. Upon failure of the buyer to pay the agreed price for the goods so delivered to him, the seller commenced action against the buyer in Lewis and Clark county to recover the price. In each case the buyer claimed to be a resident of Silver Bow county when suit was instituted and in each case the buyer was served with summons in Silver Bow county, to which county, each buyer demanded that the action be transferred for trial. In the Owsley case this court held that the county of buyer's residence was the proper place for the trial while in the Interstate Lumber Company case, under the same statute and identical facts, the court held that the county wherein the goods were sold and delivered and the seller maintained its principal place of business was the proper county for the trial. If we are to agree that implied contracts as well as express contracts *Page 490 are contemplated by the provisions of the performance exception, then we agree with the result reached in the Interstate LumberCompany case, supra, but disapprove of the reasons assigned therefor. In the Owsley and Interstate Lumber Company cases, supra, a buyer presented himself at the established place of business of a merchant and there, at the buyer's request, was delivered personal property at a price to which the buyer agreed. In the absence of any agreement or facts and circumstances clearly showing a contrary intention, such a transaction contemplates that there at the time when the merchandise was delivered to the buyer and at the place where the merchandise was delivered to the buyer, he would be expected to pay the price and that, if the buyer left the place where the goods were delivered without making payment therefor, he would at a future date return to that place and there pay to the seller the agreed price for such merchandise. This is the law governing such sales — it is understood by everyone. No writing is required to make it applicable for it is a matter of common knowledge that the vast bulk of sales of personal property is not accompanied by any written evidence thereof. (Lewis v. Lambros, 58 Mont. 555,560, 194 P. 152.) A child sent to a corner grocery for a loaf of bread will, before starting on the errand, ask for the money with which to make the purchase because, without anything whatever being said respecting time or place of payment; the child understands that it is contemplated by all the parties, in the absence of a contrary arrangement, that the price of the loaf shall be handed to the merchant at the time and place the loaf is delivered. Unless otherwise agreed, delivery of the goods and payment of the price are concurrent conditions. So the Codes provide: "Personal property sold is deliverable at the place where it is at the time of the sale or agreement to sell * * *." (Sec. 7601, Rev. Codes) and, "A buyer must pay the price of the thing sold on its delivery * * *." (Sec. 7622, Id.) State ex rel. Western Accident Indemnity Co. v. DistrictCourt, supra, involved an action to recover, under the terms of an indemnity contract, for a loss sustained in Richland county by *Page 491 the plaintiff indemnitee. Contracts of indemnity and insurance are by their nature quite different from contracts of sale such as were involved in Wallace v. Owsley, supra, and theInterstate Lumber Company case, supra. The place of performance of a contract of indemnity, as regards the venue of an action thereon, is the county wherein the loss or injury occurs or wherein a judgment is obtained against the assured or indemnitee. (Malmgren v. Southwestern Automobile Ins. Co., 201 Cal. 29,255 P. 512.) It was neither necessary nor proper to invoke the tender rule of the Coburn case, supra, to determine the place of performance of the contract of indemnity or the venue of the action founded thereon in the Western Accident IndemnityCompany case, supra, for there the obligation or liability of the defendant indemnity company, under its contract, arose at the time when and in the county where the loss occurred. While the contract was silent as to the place of payment, yet from the very nature of the contract it was plainly contemplated by all parties to the contract at the time of contracting that in the event of loss within the terms of the contract, the amount of such loss would be paid to the indemnitee at the place where the loss would be sustained or where judgment against him would be rendered. It was not place of tender but the place of loss or injury that was to fix the place of performance and regulate the venue of an action to recover on the contract. A sufficient number of our former decisions have been reviewed to show that the tender rule is wholly inconsistent with the general venue rule. The order of the district court is reversed and the cause remanded with directions to transfer the action to Missoula county for trial. MR. JUSTICE ANDERSON concurs.