State Ex Rel. Powning v. Jones

By the Court, Bigelow, J. (after stating the facts as above): This case has been argued and submitted to us upon the assumption that the relator had the right, whenever he saw fit, to refuse to pay the interest due upon the contract involved in this action, and thereby to throw up or surrender the entire *513 contract; and further that he would also have that right as to a part of the land included therein, provided the contract is a separable or divisible one. As the latter point seems sufficient for the determination of the action, we shall make the same assumptions, and consider only that proposition. The relator claims that the contract was a' seiiarable and divisible agreement for the sale to him of four different subdivisions of land at so much per acre; that in the first place the state would have sold to him. any of the tracts without the others; that it is a matter of indifference to the state whether the relator takes the whole of the land included in the contract or only a part of it; and that consequently, under the contract and the statute authorizing it, he had the option of paying upon one or more of the forty acre tracts, and of forfeiting the others., The rule for determining when a contract is separable or entire is. stated in 2 Parson Contracts 517, as follows: “The question whether a contract is entire or separable is often of great importance. Any contract may consist of many parts, and these may be considered as parts of one whole, or as so many distinct contracts, entered into at one timo and expressed in the same instrument, but not thereby made one contract. No precise’rule can be given by which this question in a given case may be settled. Like most other questions of construction, it depends upon the intention of the parties, and this must be discovered in each case by considering the language employed and the subject matter of the contract. If the part to be performed by one party consists of several distinct and separate items, and the price to be paid by the other is apportioned to each item to be performed or is left to be implied by law, such contract will generally be held to be severable.” All construction is an effort to determine the meaning which the parties intended to give to an instrument — to ascertain their intentions. The latter part of this extract from Parsons, eon^ taining the rule which seems to be principally relied upon by the relator’s attorney, is merely the statement of a subordinate rule for ascertaining that intention when there is nothing further in the contract indicating it than the fact that it consists of several distinct items, of which’ the price of each is fixed or can be ascertained from the agreement, for the author immediately adds: “But the mere fact that the subject of the contract is sold by weight or measure, and the *514 value is ascertained by tlie price affixed to each pound or yard or bushel of the quantity contracted for, will not be sufficient to render the contract severable.” Thus, in Quigley v. Da Haas, 82 Pa. St. 267, 273, it is said: “ Whether a contract be entire or severable depends more on the intention of the parties as gathered from the whole instrument than vipon the specific method of performance or payment. * * * The rule as adopted in the case of Luoesco Oil Go. v. Brewer, 66 Pa. St. 351, from Parsons on Contracts, that if the part to be performed by one party consists of several and distinct items, and the price to be paid by the other is apportioned to each item to be performed, or is left to be implied by law, such contract will generally be held to be severable, is certainly applicable to contracts such as that which was under consideration in that case. But it is not even intimated that the circumstances therein stated would override the clear intention of the parties if such intention was apparent from the whole face of the agreement. Indeed, it is expressly said by the author by whom the above rule is stated that no precise rule can be given by which this question in a given case may be settled, but, like most other questions of construction, it must depend upon the intention of the parties as gathered from the whole subject-matter of the contract.” As thus understood, Parsons’ rule has been approved in many cases. (Gray v. Hinton, 2 McJrary, 167; Shinn v. Bodine, 60 Pa. St. 182; Mining Go. v. Jones, 108 Pa. St. 55, 66; More v. Bonnet, 40 Cal. 251; Glarlc v. Baker, 5 Mete. (Mass.) 452; Morse v. Brackett, 98 Mass. 205; Mansfield v. Trigg, 113 Mass. 350.) Viewing this contract as a whole, and taking into consideration all of the language used in it, it seems cleaj.’ that the intention was to make it entire as to all of the land embraced therein, and not divisible into four different contracts for as many different tracts. In the first pi :ce the argument to the contrary proves too much. There is not one word in the agreement indicating any intention that it should be divisible upon the lines of the forty-acre tracts. Upon the agreement itself, the argument must be based upon the language providing for the sale of a number of different acres at a uniform price per acre. But if this proves anything, it proves, not that the contract embraced four different contracts for as many forties, but one hundred and sixty, *515 or one to each acre. This, however, would be entirely inadmissible, because by Gen. Stat. Sec. 337, it is provided that no lands shall be sold in tracts less-than the smallest legal subdivision, which of course means in less than forty-acre tracts, except where by reason of township or meander lines the subdivision may embrace a less quantity. Next, it is provided in the contract that the purchaser is to pay not alone one dollar additional for each acre of the land, but a gross sum of one hundred and sixty dollars, together with interest on that gross sum at the rate of six per cent, per annum. The one hundred and sixty dollars is the principal sum to bo paid, and it is further provided that if the purchaser “ shall fail to pay the principal sum herein specified, or the interest thereon/5 then ‘‘the lands herein described and the money paid thereon55 shall be forfeited to the state. Could it be any more plainly stated that, if the purchaser fails to pay the interest on the whole one hundred and sixty dollars, he thereby forfeits all interest in the whole lands, and not alone in such proportional part as he fails to pay upon ? If this is not an entire contract as to all the land embraced by it, it is difficult to say what language should have been used to make it such. To hold otherwise would be, to our minds, not to construe a contract already made by the parties, but to make one for them. Nor do we find anything in the statute indicating an intention to place a different construction upon these contracts for the sale of state lands from that which their language indicates. On the contrary, everything therein contained confirms tho views wo have expressed. True it is that the relator could have purchased one or more of these forty-acre tracts without the others, and could by applying for them separately have obtained a separate contract for each one. But he did not do so, and the question now is not what might have been done, but what was actually done. An owner might have a large tract of land for sale of which he is willing to sell any particular subdivision separately, but this would not indicate very strongly, after a contract had been made for the sale of several subdivisions, that it was the intention to still leave the purchaser the option of taking the whole or any part of them. \Vhat has actually been done here is that a contract has been entered into providing for the sale of several tracts of land for *516 a gross sum, ancl conditioned that if the purchaser shall fail to' pay the interest due annually upon that gross sum, he shall forfeit all of the land; and this seems to be in accordance with the X>rovisions of the statute concerning these contracts. Apparently the legislature did not antieix>ate that an aj)plicant would be shrewd enough to make sexoarate application for each subdivision, so as to enable him to forfeit one or more of them without, affecting the others, and as a matter of fact we believe it has not often been done. The lawmakers evidently supiposed that an applicant would apply for all the land he wished to xmircliase in one a x:> plication. The law was accordingly framed upon that theory, and indicates an intention that each ax>plication and each contract shall be treated as a unit, and to stand or fall all together. The land laws have been amended several times, but the amendments do not seem to have affected this cxuestion, and for convenience we shall refer to the original sections. A purchase of land is always to be initiated by an application under section four of the act (Gen. Stat. Sec. 327), which application “ shall designate, in conformity with the "United States survey, the tracts of land applied for.” After the register has ascertained that the land is for sale, and that the applicant is entitled to purchase the same, section ten of the act (Gen. Stat. See. 333), provides that he shall cause a notice to be prepared and served, “requiring the applicant * * * to make full payment, or enter into contract * * * for the purchase of the land applied for by said applicant, and shall inclose with such notice duly prepared contracts, in duplicate, for the axjplicant to sign.” If, at the expiration of ninety days, the applicant “ shall fail to make the required full payment or to sign and return to the register such contracts, he or she shall forfeit his or her right to complete the purchase of such land, and the title to such land shall rest as fully in the state as though it had never been applied for, and which thereafter shall be subject to sale ” by the state. ■ It will be noticed that all through the statute the lands applied for are spoken of as a whole, and so far as the language indicates the intention, are to be all paid for or all contracted for, or all forfeited. The contracts to be sent out are to cover the lands applied for, and are to be executed just as sent, or the land is to be forfeited. There is nothing that, to our *517 minds, indicates any intention to allow a division or selection of them to be made. The same must be said of section 8 (Gen. Stat. See. 331), providing for the form and conditions of the contract. Here, as before, the lands applied for are spoken of as a unit — as “ such lands.” It is upon the remainder of the purchase price of such lands that the applicant is to pay interest annually; it is for the lands described in the contract that he may make full payment and receive a patent; and upon failure to pay the interest due upon such lands they shall immediately and unconditionally revert to the state. The language covers all that were applied for in the first instance, and nowhere is anything less than the whole spoken of. There was a purpose, too, in attaching such a condition to the sale of the lands. The policy adopted by the legislature has been to sell as much of this state land and obtain as much money for it as possible. In pursuance of this policy it is an advantage to the state to compel the purchaser to either jiay for all of the land or forfeit it all. He is more likely to continue to pay upon all, or if he does not, the state will be gainer the additional money forfeited, and good land will be surrendered as well as poor. To be sure, the applicant might, perhaps, immediately apply again for the tracts that he wishes to keep, but even then the state will be gainer the money forfeited upon the first payment. Right or wrong, this has been the policy under which our land laws have been framed, and we are of the opinion that the construction we have placed upon the contract and the law is simply in accordance with that policy, and in accordance with the clear intention of the legislature. The demurrer is sustained and the application for the writ dismissed.