Interstate Ice & Power Corp. v. United States Fire Insurance

*98 Cardozo, J. The action is brought upon a policy of insurance whereby the defendant insured Machinery Utilities Company, Inc., plaintiff’s assignor, against loss or damage by fire in the sum of $13,000 “ on their unpaid interest in the. complete machinery installed in ice-making plant of C. S. Brady ” at Rocky Mount, North Carolina. The machinery covered by the policy was sold to Brady by Machinery Utilities Company, Inc., in 1923, under a contract of conditional sale. The price, payable in installments, was to be $15,560, with interest on the deferred payments. “ It is understood that we are to retain title to all of the above equipment until same has been fully paid for.” This is not a contract for a chattel mortgage as the defendant would have us say. Its provisions stamp it .unmistakably as a contract of conditional sale. There was default by the vendee in the payment of installments of the price. Thereupon, in September, 1923, plaintiff, which had succeeded to the rights of the conditional vendor, began a proceeding known as a claim and delivery proceeding in the courts of North Carolina. Upon process issued in that proceeding, the sheriff made return that he had seized the machinery therein described and delivered it to the plaintiff. The affidavit upon which he acted was to the effect that plaintiff was entitled to the possession by virtue of “a certain chattel mortgage or instrument retaining title.” The seizure of the property was followed by an agreement between plaintiff and Brady for the settlement of their differences. By this agreement, made in October, 1923, plaintiff was to buy and Brady to sell the real property at Rocky Mount and all its machinery and appurtenances, the conveyance to be delivered December 1, 1923. Upon the closing of title, plaintiff was to surrender the notes received from Brady under the contract of conditional sale, and Brady released the plaintiff from any and all claims, and consented that judgment be *99 entered in its favor in the proceeding then pending. Before this agreement could be carried out, a fire destroyed the building and damaged the machinery which, despite the levy by the sheriff, had been left in its old location. By agreement, there was an appraisal of the loss under the policy in suit. The sound value of the property was fixed at $20,517, and the damage at $12,165, with the result that the salvage value was $8,352. At the time of the fire, the balance due upon the contract of conditional sale was $11,987. The trial court gave judgment for that amount, and the Appellate Division unanimously affirmed. The defendant insists that credit should have been given for the full value of the property retaken, which would wipe out the loss altogether, or in any event for the salvage value, $8,352, which would reduce the loss to $3,635. We find no error in the judgment. The point is made that before the fire the unpaid debt was extinguished by the seizure of the chattels. We think the debt was still alive. A retaking of property by a conditional vendor is not a rescission of the contract. If this may once have been doubtful (Bogert, Commentaries on Conditional Sales, pp. 166, 169, 170, 171, collating the decisions), the doubt has been dispelled by the Uniform Conditional Sales Act, which became part of the law of New York in 1922. The vendor after retaking may resell, and hold the vendee for any deficiency resulting (Pers. Prop. Law [Cons. Laws, ch. 41], §§ 80-b, 80-d; L. 1922, ch. 642). Nothing in this record justifies a finding that the privilege of resale was abandoned or lost. We may assume, without deciding, that unreasonable delay in exercising the privilege of resale is evidence of an election by the vendor to keep what it has retaken, and thus release the vendee (Pers. Prop. Law, § 80-c; cf. as to chattel mortgages Harrison v. Hall, 239 N. Y. 51). Delay, unless forbidden by statute, may not be found to be unreasonable without reference to the circumstances. Here, the seizure under *100 provisional process was accompanied by an undertaking whereby a duty was imposed to return what had been seized if return should be adjudged. Not unreasonably the vendor before reselling would await the outcome of the suit. Within a fortnight following the seizure, a fire had occurred. What was left was not the completed machinery, but only dismembered parts. Proof of loss was served November 27, 1923, and the sixty days allowed for payment expired January 26, 1924. Then, if not before, the right to indemnity accrued. The defendant refers to section 65 of the statute governing conditional sales as exacting resale within a period of thirty days. The fact seems to be overlooked that section 65 as it once stood (L. 1909, ch. 45) has been superseded by sections 79 and 80 (L. 1922, ch. 642). Under the present act, which was in force in 1923, resale is not a duty if at the time of the retaking less than fifty per centum of the purchase price has been paid under the contract unless written notice demanding a resale has been given by the buyer (§ 80). The purchase price of this machinery was $15,560, and the amount unpaid $11,987.53. In such circumstances resale was not required within any determinate time in order to relieve the vendor from the inference of an election (under § 80-c) to keep the chattels as its own. At most, such an inference would arise when delay became unreasonable. We cannot say as matter of law that this limit has been exceeded. For all that appears the claim and delivery proceeding is still pending and undetermined. Still less can we say that the limit had been exceeded when the right of action for indemnity matured under the policy. (Insurance Co. v. Stinson, 103 U. S. 25, 27, 28). If the debt had not been extinguished when indemnity was due, there can be no force in the contention that the form of the policy, insuring the unpaid interest, and not in terms the property itself, exacts a credit for the salvage value of the machinery as measured by the appraisal. *101 No one can be sure that such value will be realized when the time to resell arrives. Before the fire, the vendor’s unpaid interest was secured by- complete machinery appraised at $20,000 and more. As a consequence of the fire, there remains the precarious security of separate or dismembered parts. The case in this aspect is ruled by Excelsior Fire Ins. Co. v. Royal Ins. Co. (55 N. Y. 343, 353, 359). “ When an appreciable loss has occurred to the property from fire, its capacity to pay the mortgaged debt has been affected; it is not so well able to pay the debt which is upon it ” (55 N. Y. at p. 359). Here the capacity has been impaired to the extent of $12,165, if not more. The defendant is amply protected by the right of subrogation. Let it pay to the vendor what is still due upon the sale. It will then succeed by subrogation to the remedies available against the conditional vendee. There remains a final point which deserves a word of notice. The defendant argues that by force of the agreement of October, 1923, the interest of the conditional vendee in the machinery conditionally sold was presently divested, and the obligation to pay for it released. The October agreement, read in its entirety, looks wholly to the future. The machinery is to go back to the vendor and the notes are to be surrendered, upon the conveyance and not before. When the closing day arrived, the fire had occurred, and the buyer, rightly or wrongly, refused to accept the title. The seller did not elect to sue for specific performance. He treated the contract as abandoned, sued at law for damages, and thereafter recovered judgment. The title to land and machinery remained where it would have been if no such contract had been made. The judgment should be affirmed with costs. His cock, Ch. J., Pound, McLaughlin, Crane and Lehman, JJ., concur; Andrews, J., absent. Judgment affirmed.