Meyer v. . Blair

Andrews, J. The defense set up by the defendants to escape from the plain obligation assumed by them under the agreement of April 4, 1873, is founded upon no equity in their favor, and if allowed to prevail, will defeat a contract which, on its face, was perfectly legal and valid. H or is it claimed that the contract is void for fraud, mistake or want of consideration as between the parties. The defendants fully understood the-contract into which they entered; they, in fact, tendered it to the plaintiff as an inducement to him to become a subscriber to the stock of the Blair Iron and Steel Company, and as between the parties, and considering their relations only, there can be no doubt that the plaintiff is entitled to enforce it. But the defendants assert that, by reason of extrinsic facts, the contract was tainted with illegality, and they invoke for their defense the settled principle of public policy frequently acted upon and applied, that “ no court will lend its aid to a man who founds his cause of action upon a fraudulent or illegal act.” (Lord Mansfield in Holman v. Johnson, Cowp. R. 341, 343.) *604 The contract in form is a contract by the defendants to buy from the plaintiff, within one year from the date of the contract, certain shares of stock purchased by him of the Blair Iron and Steel Company, in case the plaintiff shall desire to sell the same, and to pay therefor the price paid by the plaintiff on his purchase of the same stock from the company. The supposed vice of the contract resides in the fact,that the plaintiff, at the request of the defendants, the principal promoters of the company and the owners of most of the shares, concurrently with the making of the contract in question became one of several subscribers for 6,000 shares of the Blair Iron and Steel Company, owned by the company, and which it offered for sale under the terms of a prospectus and subscription which are set forth at large in the case. In substance, the claim is that the agreement of the plaintiff with the defendant operated as a fraud on the other subscribers to the stock, because his capital was not put at risk during the year in which he could exercise the option given by the contract ; and that this was a secret advantage the securing of which was inconsistent with good faith on the part of the plaintiff towards the other subscribers. The prospectus which accompanied the subscription set forth, in substance, that 9,000 shares of the stock had been placed by the defendants and one Foster in the hands of a trustee for the company, the proceeds of which, except $50,000, were to be “ used as working capital,” and that the trustees had ordered the sale of 6,000 shares for that purpose and to pay the prior lien of $50,000, at the minimum price of $50 per share, payable one-third as' soon as the whole was subscribed for, and the balance as called for by the trustees, the certificates to be delivered when the whole subscription should be paid. The subscription, which was appended to the prospectus, was as follows: “We, the undersigned, hereby subscribe to the number of shares of the above 6,000 shares set opposite to our names, respectively, to be paid for according to the terms above set forth; but this subscription not to be binding until the whole 6,000 shares shall have been reliably subscribed.” Sixteen or more persons *605 and firms severally subscribed for shares aggregating the whole number, or 6,000 shares, of whom the plaintiff was the sixth subscriber, he subscribing for 600 shares. We are unable to concur in the conclusion reached in the courts below, that the contract in question was fradulent as to co-subscribers with the plaintiff for the 6,000 shares sold by the company, or that it was in violation of any express or implied obligation existing between them. The cases mainly relied upon to support the claim that the contract was illegal and fraudulent are of two classes—cases of stock subscriptions to the stock of corporations, accompanied by a secret agreement between the company and the subscriber that the latter should not be bound by his subscription, or changing, in some other respect, its ostensible terms, and cases of composition between a debtor and his creditors, where a creditor joining in the composition by a secret arrangement with the debtor secures an advantage over other creditors in violation of the understanding implied in all cases of composition that the settlement with the creditors joining in the composition proceeds exclusively upon the terms of the common agreement. In both classes of cases mentioned the collateral agreement is held to be void. In the first, the courts hold the subscriber to the ostensible contract, and permit it to be enforced in an action by the company as the only means of preventing the consummation of the fraudulent scheme and protecting the other subscribers. ( White Mountains R. R. Co. v. Eastman, 34 N. H. 124.) In the other class the court refuses to enforce the secret bargain, and confines the creditor, who is a party to the fraud, to a remedy to recover the sum which, by the terms of the composition, he agreed to accept. ( White v. Kuntz, 107 N. Y. 518.) The case of White Mountains Railroad Company v. Eastman (supra) is a leading case, illustrating the class of cases first mentioned. The doctrine that an agreement between one subscriber to the stock of a corporation and the company, made concurrently with the making of the subscription, which purports to annul its obligation, or materially limit and change the liability of the subscriber, to the detri *606 ment of the company is invalid and void, is founded upon the construction that a subscription to the stock of a corporation, whbse stock is open for general subscription, is not only an undertaking between each subscriber and the company, but between him and all other subscribers to the common enterprise; and that each subscriber has .the right to suppose that the subscription of every other subscriber is a bona fide undertaking according to its terms. “ Their respective subscriptions,” says the court, in the case of White Mountains Railroad Company v. Eastman, “are contributions or advances for a common object. The action of each in his subscription, may be supposed to be influenced by that of the others, and every subscription to be based on the ground that the others are what, upon their face, they purport to be.” (See, also, Graff v. Pittsburgh & Steubenville R. R. Co., 7 Casey [31 Penn. St.], 489; Miller v. Hanover Junction & Susg. R. R. Co., 6 Norris [87 Penn. St.], 95; Melvin v. Lamar Ins. Co., 80 Ill. 446.) The illegality of secret agreements in case of composition between debtor and creditor has been established by a. uniform course of decision upon the plainest principles of morality and justice. A composition agreement, still more than a stock subscription, is an agreement as well between the creditors themselves as between the debtor and his creditors. Secret agreements in fraud of the composition are usually extorted by the creditor as a consideration of his entering into the composition. They are a direct fraud upon the other creditors. They contradict the representation which the composition imports —- that the compromise is accepted by each creditor in full satisfaction of his debt. Moreover, where the composition provides for giving credit to the debtor for the amount to be paid on the composition, such secret agreements take, or may take, from him the very means to meet the composition engagements. It is unnecessary to cite authorities to sustain a doctrine so well settled. We refer to some cases showing that the courts, in these transactions, exact the most scrupulous good faith from all parties. (Russell v. Rogers, 10 Wend. *607 474; Solinger v. Earle, 82 N. Y. 393 ; Knight v. Hunt, 5 Bing. 432 ; Leicester v. Rose, 4 East, 372.) The present case is not, we think, within the principle of the stock subscription cases or the cases of composition to which reference has been made. The main object of the company in offering the stock for sale was to secure “ working capital,” as is shown by the prospectus. This object was known to the subscribers. If the subscription of the plaintiff was a pretense merely, or if the subscription had been accompanied by a secret agreement between the plaintiff and the company that he should be relieved from the subscription, or by which the terms of the purchase were materially changed to the disadvantage of the company, and for the advantage of the plaintiff, there might be ground for applying the rule declared in the subscription cases, and declaring the transaction to be a fraud on the other subscribers. By the terms of the subscription the subscribers were not to be bound unless the whole 6,000 shares were “ reliably subscribed,” and a subscription not available to the company, by reason of a secret agreement accompanying it, would not be a reliable subscription within the meaning of the condition. But there was no agreement between the company and the plaintiff, secret or otherwise, direct or indirect, except the agreement contained on the face of his subscription. The plaintiff by his subscription became bound to the company to take the shares subscribed for, and this agreement has never been discharged or in any way impaired. The plaintiff remained bound by his subscription, notwithstanding the agreement with the defendants, as fully and completely as though the agreement with the defendants had never been made. Nothing has occurred to change, qualify, or limit his obligation to the company. The company sold the shares to secure “ working capital.” The subscription of the defendant, entered with the other subscriptions, secured the accomplishment of the object. The condition of the subscriptions, that the whole 6,000 shares should be “ reliably subscribed,” was fulfilled. It was so conceded on the trial. The defendants were interested in setting the company *608 afoot. They were the principal holders of its stock. Presumably they had confidence in the value of the new process for manufacturing iron and steel, covered by their invention. They sought out the plaintiff. On his declining at first to subscribe to the stock of the company, they offered him the inducement that they would take the stock off his hands within a year, at cost price, if he desired it. It appears that the same inducement was offered to other subscribers, but not to all. We think there was nothing illegal in this arrangement. There was no community of action between the subscribers. Each subscribed for such reasons as satisfied him. It is supposable that some subscribers may have been influenced by the fact that other persons, known to them, in whose business judgment they had confidence, had also subscribed. But we think, it would too greatly interfere with the freedom of contract to hold that, for this reason, a subscriber could not enter into an agreement with third persons at the time of the subscription, to the effect that the latter should assume the risk of the enterprise, there being no actual fraud, and the relations between the subscriber and the company remaining unchanged. The contract in the case of A dams v. Outhouse (45 N. Y. 318), was, in its very nature, fraudulent and dishonest. It was the price of a fraudulent concealment by one of several distributees of an estate of assets in which all the distributees were equally interested. We think the judgment is erroneous, and it should therefore, be reversed. AE concur. Judgment reversed.