In Re Proving the Will of Fordham

*386 Cardozo, J. Mary A. Fordham left a will which is before us for construction. She gave her residuary estate to her husband, Caleb S. Fordham, if he survived her. In the event of his death before her, she gave the estate to a trustee with directions to pay the income to her stepson, Allan McC. Fordham, the child of Caleb S. Ford-ham by an earlier marriage, and with discretionary power to use the principal if the income seemed to be inadequate. She then made provision as follows: “Sixth. Upon the death of the said Allan McC. Ford-ham I give, devise and bequeath all the rest, residue and remainder of my Estate both real and personal which shall remain after the provisions and directions contained in the preceding or fifth paragraph of this my Will shall have been duly carried out and performed, to the heirs at law and next of kin of my said husband Caleb S. Ford-ham, the personal property then remaining to be distributed among said next of kin and the real estate then remaining to descend to said heirs at law precisely as said personal property would be distributed, and said real estate would descend, if the same then belonged to my said husband Caleb S. Fordham and he at that time departed this life intestate.” The will is dated February 24, 1900. The testatrix died February 3, 1922. Neither her stepson nor her husband survived her. The stepson died in November, 1900. The husband died in April, 1921. At the death of the wife, heirs and next of kin of the husband were in being. They were not, however, the same persons who would have been his heirs and next of kin if he had died in November, 1900, at the same time as his son Allan. At that time his heirs and next of kin would have been two sisters, Mrs. Watkins, who died in 1903, and Mrs. Corey, *387 who died in 1911. If the death of Allan, though occurring before the death of the testatrix, with the result that the trust for his Ufe never took effect, is none the less the point of time to which we must refer in fixing the class of heirs and next of kin, the gift has lapsed, and the estate will be distributed as if the testatrix had died intestate. We shall thus give the property to her own heirs and next of kin, though her dominant purpose, clearly revealed, was to give it to her husband’s. On the other hand, if the direction to ascertain the class according to the situation existing at the death of Allan is merely a direction to ascertain it at the termination of the life estate, the death of the Ufe beneficiary before the will takes effect will not be productive of a lapse, but wiU transfer the ascertainment of the class to the death of the testatrix. The courts below have held that there was a lapse with consequent intestacy. We hold another view. An ulterior limitation “ upon ” the death of another who is given an estate for life, will not, in general, be defeated by the lapse of the particular estate through the death of the life tenant before the will can take effect. This is so though the language of the gift, if UteraUy construed, may make the remainder contingent upon succession in the order named ( U. S. Trust Co. v. Hogencamp, 191 N. Y. 281; Williams v. Jones, 166 N. Y. 522, 536; Norris v. Beyea, 13 N. Y. 273, 287; 2 Jarman on Wills [6th English ed.], p. 1373). The gift before us is to be read in submission to that rule. When the testatrix said that “ upon ” the death of Allan, the residuary estate was to go to the members of a class, she certainly did not mean that it was to go to them “ upon ” his death, if his death occurred before her own. She understood that her wiU would take effect when she died, and not before. “ Upon the death of Allan ” meant, therefore, upon the termination of the life estate bequeathed to Allan. If he died during her lifetime, the remainders would be accelerated; they would not be destroyed. For this, the *388 authorities are uniform and ample (U. S. Trust Co. v. Hogencamp, supra; Williams v. Jones, supra; Norris v. Beyea, supra; Wager v. Wager, 96 N. Y. 164). The argument is made, however, that later words in the same gift restrict the members of the class to those in being when Allan died whether after the testatrix or before her. The estate is given, we are reminded, to .those who would “ then ” be the heirs and next of ldn of Caleb. We think the argument must fail. If the words, “ I give, devise and bequeath upon the death of Allan,” mean upon the termination of the life estate, the word “ then ” must have the same construction as “ upon.” This conclusion is confirmed when the will is analyzed more closely. We ’must remember that the testatrix in creating a trust for the benefit of Allan, had authorized the use of principal as well as income. For this reason, in disposing of the estate upon his death, she gives the personal property “ then ” remaining to the next of kin and the real estate “ then ” remaining to the heirs. The residue of the estate is defined as what is left “ after the provisions and directions ” contained in the preceding or fifth subdivision, “ have been fully carried out and performed,” and all “ then ” remaining is covered by the gift. But certainly when she used the word “ then ” as defining the residue existing after the carrying out of the prior gift, she cannot have regarded it as defining a point of time prior to her own death, for she knew that before her own death the prior gift was ineffective. The word “ then ” must, therefore, define a point of time not earlier in any event than the death of the testatrix. She creates a trust for life with power to consume the principal. All the property “ then ” left, after this direction is obeyed, is to go to the heirs and next of kin of her deceased husband as if he had “ then ” died. One point of time and one only is in her mind whether she is describing the subject-matter of the gift or the class that will enjoy it. She is not departing from the *389 maxim that no one is heir to the living (Doctor v. Hughes, 225 N. Y. 305, 313), and establishing for her husband a class of heirs who may die before their ancestor. The word “ then ” like the word “ upon ” is used consistently throughout. It marks the termination of the estate for life, and, if the life estate shall lapse, the death of the maker of the will. Courts do not approach these problems in a spirit of rigid literalism. If they did, every testamentary gift of a remainder “ upon ” the death of a tenant for life, would make succession in the stated order, not merely an expected event, but an indispensable condition. Undoubtedly, this testatrix hoped and believed that the trust for life would take effect before the gift of the remainder. That is why she spoke of the heirs and next of kin “ then ” living. If the trust became effective, she wished the class to be determined according to the situation existing when the life estate should end. We find no basis for the belief that she did not wish it to be determined at all if the life estate should fail. The imputation of such a purpose is forbidden whether the will be subjected to the tests of probable intention, to be gathered from its scheme and framework, or to those of verbal criticism. Our conclusion, therefore, is that the heirs and next of of kin of Caleb S. Fordham in being at the death of the testatrix are the owners, and entitled to the possession, of the residuary estate. The order of the Appellate Division and the decree of the Surrogate’s Court should be reversed, with costs in all courts payable out of the estate, and the proceeding remitted to the Surrogate’s Court for the entry of a decree in accordance with this opinion. Hogan, Pound and Andrews, JJ., concur; His cock, Ch. J., and Crane, J., dissent; McLaughlin, J., absent. Ordered accordingly.