Newton v. . Bronson

Denio, C. J. This action was commenced subsequent to the enactment of the Code of Procedure, and all the proceedings therein are subject to its provisions. It was tried by the court without a jury. The question principally discussed, in the printed briefs submitted by the counsel, is whether the purchase money mentioned in the contract for the sale of the premises in question was fully paid up by the plaintiff as assignee of the original vendee. Whether it was entirely paid or not depends upon the question whether the sum of $33.50, charged by Messrs. Ogden & Jones for their services respecting the mortgage of Erastus Newton, and deducted from the money paid by Isaac S. Newton to them, was properly retained by those gentlemen, or whether it ought to have been applied on the contract. • This depends upon a variety of evidence, written and oral, and was purely a question of fact. There is no statement of facts found; but it is apparent from the judgment, as well as from the *591 opinion of the judge before whom the case was tried at’ special term, that this sum was by the court allowed to the plaintiff on account of the moneys payable by his contract. The determination of- questions of fact in this class of cases belongs to the supreme court, whose judgment upon such questions we have no authority to review. (Dunham, v. Watkins, 2 Kern., 556; Griscom, v. The Mayor, &c., of New-York, id., 586.) We shall therefore assume, as the supreme court has adjudged, that the whole purchase price of the land contracted for was paid. There are, however, certain questions of law, which arise upon the pleadings and the conceded facts, which are properly before us: 1. The contract was for the purchase of lands lying in the State of Illinois, but the parties are residents of this state, and subject generally to the jurisdiction of its courts. The defendant’s counsel insists that the court below had no jurisdiction in such a case to decree a specific performance. It is not denied but that such a jurisdiction existed in the court of chancery, nor but that it passed to the supreme court by the provisions of the present constitution. That concession could not be avoided consistently with a settled course of adjudication. (Massie v. Watts, 6 Cranch, 148; Shattuck v. Cassidy, 3 Edw. C. R., 152; Ward v. Arredondo, .1 Hopk. C. R., 2]3 ; Mead v. Merritt, 2 Paige, 402 ; Mitchell v. Bunch, id., 606; Sutphen v. Fowler, 9 id., 280.) The cases in the English court of chancery will i>e found referred to by Chancellor Walworth in the last of these cases. The doctrine thus established is, that this court, having jurisdiction of the person of the defendant, will, by its process of injunction and attachment, compel him to do justice, by the execution of such conveyances and assurances as will affect the title of the property in the jurisdiction within which it is situated. The present supreme court possesses the jurisdiction formerly exercised by the court of chancery. (Const., art. 6, § 3; Laws 1847, p. 325, § 16.) *592 The reliance of the defendant’s counsel is upon § 123 of the Code. That provision relates to “ the place of trial in civil actions,” and declares that certain actions shall be tried in the county in which the subject of the action or some parts thereof is situated, subject to the power of the court to change the place of trial. Among the actions enumerated are such as are brought “ for the recovery of real property or of an estate or interest therein, or for the determination in any form of such right or interest.” The latter branch of the statute is vague and indefinite, but the language is comprehensive, and it may perhaps embrace suits for a specific performance of contracts for the sale of lands where ■they are situated in this state. It has'been so held in the superior court of the city of New-York, and I am inclined to assent to the views of that court (Ring v. McCoun, 3 Sandf. S. C. Rep., 524.) Conceding that it is sufficiently broad to embrace such suits, it clearly has no application to cases where the subject of the action does not lie within any county in this state. The object of the section is to determine the venue in the classes of actions to which it refers, and it does not profess to limit or define the jurisdiction of the court. It is sought to be implied from it that where, in the actions enumerated, the subject of the controversy does not lie in some county in this state, no action whatever will lie. This would be a very violent implication. When the legislature determines to abolish any portion of the jurisdiction of the superior courts of the state, we may expect that it will be done in direct and unequivocal language, referring to that particular subject, and that the provisions will not be found lurking under a remote implication drawn from provisions relating to the place of trial. This objection to the judgment under review is untenable. 2. It is argued that the defendant’s office of executor does not extend to the lands in Illinois, upon the principle that letters testamentary and of administration have no force beyond the jurisdiction in which' they are granted. (Shultz *593 v. Pulver, 11 Wend., 372.) Hence, it is said, the defendant cannot effectually perform the judgment of the supreme court, not being able, as it is insisted, to affect the title to lands out of the state. But the authority of the defendant in respect to real estate is not conferred" by the probate court. • He is the donee of a power at common law and under the statute; and although it was, by the will, made a condition to his acting under the power that he should qualify as executor, when he has performed that condition, he acts in conveying the land as the devisee of a power created by the owner of the estate, and not under an authority conferred by the surrogate. (Conklin v. Egerton’s adm’r., 21 Wend., 430, 436.) 3. It is urged by the defendant’s counsel that the contract of sale is void for the reason that it was made by an agent of the defendant—according to the maxim, “Delegatus non potest delegare.” The rule of law no doubt is, that a power of this kind is a personal trust and confidence, which cannot be committed to another than the grantee or donee of the power. (Berger v. Duff, 4 Johns. C. R., 369.) Besides this difficulty, the defendant in his answer denies that the agents, who executed in his name the contract which the plaintiff ■seeks to enforce, had any authority, in fact, from him to execute it, and the plaintiff has failed to show any power of attorney or other express authority from him to them. The last objection is fully overcome by ample and repeated acts of acknowledgment and ratification, by the defendant, of the contract in question, in' writing as well as by parol. The evidence upon this point was quite sufficient to enable the court to decide that the agents were authorized by parol to execute the contract, and a parol authority under our statute, and under the statute of Illinois, which is identical in its provisions, would be sufficient. The contract itself must be in writing, but where it is signed by an agent the power to execute it may be by parol. (Lawrence v. Taylor, 5 Hill, 107, 112; Champlin v. Parish, 11 Paige, 405; McWhorter v. *594 McMahan, 10 id., 386.) That a subsequent ratification is equally effectual as an original authority is well settled. ( Weed v. Carpenter, 4 Wend., 219; Story on Agency, §§ 239, 244, 250, 252 to 256; Episcopal Soc. v. Ep. CA., 1 Pick., 372; Corning v. Southland, 3 Hill, 552, 556; Moss v. Rossie Lead Mining Co., 5 hill, 137; Clark’s exr. v. Van Riemsdyk, 9 Cranch, 153 ; Willinks v. Hollingsworth, 6 Wheat., 241; Lawrence v. Taylor, supra.) But it may be said that this principle is scarcely broad enough to answer the plaintiff’s purpose. If a person ratifies the act of one who has assumed to be his agent, the effect of the transaction, according to the books, is the same as if he had actually given him direct authority in the premises to the extent to which such act reaches. Here the objection is that the defendant could not bind himself in his representative character by any agent, however fully authorized. If, therefore, the acts of ratification which are proved in this case are no more than an equivalent to a power of attorney executed by the defendant before the contract was signed by his agents, the objection that the defendant could not delegate his own delegated authority is not answered.' The reason of the maxim, Delegatus non potest delegare, however is that, in the cases to which it applies, the first constituent has a right to the personal judgment, care and skill of his agent. Assuming that Ogden & Jones, in this case, acted without authority from the defendant, the latter had a right, when the contract came to his knowledge, either to repudiate or to confirm it. In determining upon one or the other course, he brought into exercise those personal qualifications on account of which he is presumed to have been selected by the testator. The law does not allow him to commit the power with which he is entrusted to another, for perhaps that other would bind the estate to a transaction which the former might not have considered advantageous and safe if he had acted directly upon it. The reason fails Where the person actually entrusted with the authority has, with a full knowledge of the facts, ratified the act of one *595 who has assumed to act as his agent. But if the acta of ratification rested wholly in parol there would still remain a formal difficulty. The plaintiff" (aside from the equitable doctrine arising out of a part performance) must show a contract in wilting, subscribed by the defendant 01 his lawful agent. The execution of the contract by Ogden & Jones, in the name of the plaintiff, goes for nothing, not because they had no power to execute, for that is remedied by the ratification, but because the act was one which could not be done by attorney; and though the defendant, with a full knowledge of the terms of the contract, elected to abide by it, that election would not answer the exigency of the statute, which requires the contract or some note or memorandum of it to be in writing, and subscribed by the party or his agent lawfully authorized. The ratification in such a case must be authenticated in the same manner as though it were an original contract made by the defendant. But the plaintiff is relieved from the embarrassment presented by this view of the case, by the letters of the defendant which were givén in evidence. The one dated June, 1850, refers to the contract by its date and the name of the vendee, and it contains a description of the premises intended to be conveyed. The rule is well established in the English courts that where a contract in writing or note exists which binds one party, any subsequent note in writing signed by the other is sufficient to bind him, provided it contains in itself the terms of the contract, or refers to some writing which contains them. (Sugden on Vendors, ch. 3, § 3; Dobell v. Hutchinson, 3 Adolph. & E., 355; Jackson v. Lowe, 1 Bing., 377.) It is a reasonable rule, and not liable to the objection that it lets in the frauds and perjuries which the statute was intended to guard against. It was never required that the vendor and vendee should sign at the same time or upon the same identical paper. The revisors proposed that the security to be given for the purchase money should be executed at the same time with the agreement to convey, tc *596 avoid what they considered an evil, namely, the doctrine “that a letter or other writing, though written subsequently to the making of the agreement,” would take a case out oi the statute. (3 R. S., 655, 2d ed.) The legislature, how ever, did not adopt this view; but, instead of the section proposed, reenacted the provision in the language of the act of 29 Charles II., ch. 3, and of our former act, only changing the word signed to subscribed, and requiring the consideration to be expressed. (1 R. S., 135, §§ 8, 9.) In this case the agreement was subscribed within the full meaning of the word, for it was written at the bottom of the writing intended to be authenticated. The mischief which it was intended to prevent, by using the word subscribed, was a course of decisions which held that the name of the party written in -any part of the agreement, though in a manner not intended to authenticate the paper, was held a sufficient signing (Clason v. Merrit, 14 Johns., 485; Davis v. Shields, 26 Wend., 341.) This was not arcase of that kind. The signature to which I propose to give effect was a subscription. I am in favor of affirming the judgment of the supreme court. - T. A. Johnson delivered an opinion in favor of reversing the judgment, on the ground that the court below erred in holding that the $33.50 paid Ogden & Jones was applicable on the contract. Mitchell, J., was also for reversal. . The other judges concurred in the opinion of Denio, O. J. Judgment affirmed.