Maurer v. . the People

Grover, J. The statute (2 R. S., 759, § 13, Edmond’s Edition) provides that no person indicted for any felony can be tried, unless he be personally present during such trial. The personal presence of the defendant during his trial being thus made essential by statute to the legality of the trial, it is manifest that neither he or his counsel, can by consent or otherwise, waive such presence so as to make the trial legal, if conducted in his absence. The clause, “ during such trial,” as used in the statute, includes all proceedings had in impanneling the jury, the introduction of evidence, the summing up of counsel, and the charge of the court to the jury, receiving and recording the verdict. In all these proceedings, the legislature has deemed the presence of the accused essential to the attainment of justice and the protection of the innocent. The charge of .the court to the jury includes all instructions of the court to the jury upon points of law, and all comments upon the evidence. Those familiar with trials for crime must be aware that the presence of the accused is quite as necessary and important to him during the latter as the former. The charge may all be given at One time, before the jury retire foi* deliberation upon their verdict; or after they retire *4 they may request further instructions upon the law, or information as to the testimony, and for this purpose return into court, as in the present case. Any further communication made by the court to the jury is a part of the charge, and will influence the verdict quite as much, if not more, than the instructions given before the jury retired from the bar in the first instance. It is equally essential that the accused should be present, and the statute requires such presence, during the former equally with the latter. It makes no difference- that the communications consist only of answers given by the court to questions proposed by the jurors. If such questions relate. only to the law, the answers thereto are subject to exceptions in like manner as any legal instructions given in any part of the charge. If the questions relate to the evidence, it is equally important that the accused have the opportunity of correcting any error in the answers, or of calling attention to other parts of the evidence explanatory thereof, or that may modify its effect. These considerations show the importance of the right secured by the statute to the accused, which scarcely requires any argument. The real and only question here, is whether communications made by the court to the jury, after they have once retired to deliberate upon their verdict, answering questions proposed by the jury, which relate to the case, and have a bearing upon the verdict to be rendered, are a part of the charge, and consequently a proceeding upon the trial within the meaning of the statute. If a part of the charge, it is clear that it is a proceeding upon the trial. The right of the defendant to take exception to any legal proposition thus given, shows that it is a proceeding .upon the trial; as it is only upon the trial that exceptions can be taken to the ruling of the court upon legal propositions. (2 E. S., 760, §21.) As the instructions were a proceeding in the trial, the statute forbade their being given in the absence of the accused. The presence of his counsel at the time, and his failure to object, was no waiver. By no consent of the accused, or of his counsel, can an indictment for affelony be *5 lawfully tried in his absence, for the sufficient reason, that the statute forbids it. In Cancemi v. The People (18 N. Y., 128), it was held by this court, that the consent of the defendant to be tried by a jury of eleven, and be bound by their verdict, was wholly invalid, and that a judgment against him, based upon such verdict, must be reversed, for the reason that the tribunal thus constituted had no jurisdiction. The like reason is applicable to the present case. The court has no jurisdiction to try an indictment for felony unless the accused be present. It is a familiar maxim that consent will not confer jurisdiction, although it is a sufficient answer to any error committed in its exercise. It is urged by the counsel for the people, that the objection is unavailing, for the reason that the accused was not prejudiced by the communications made to the jury. A sufficient answer to this is, that this is not established. It may well be that the accused, if present, would have been able, by calling attention to other portions of the testimony, to have produced an impression upon the jury favorable to himself. Of this opportunity he was deprived. But the fact, if established, would be no answer to the objection. Any instructions or information given by the court to jury, having a tendency to influence the verdict, is, within the statute, a proceeding upon the trial, and this is prohibited unless the accused be present. A trial, wholly or in part, conducted in his absence is illegal, and he has an absolute right to a reversal of the judgment, and to a new trial. This disposes of the case, and renders an examination of the other questions discussed unnecessary. The judgment must be reversed, and a new trial ordered. All the judges concurring, judgment reversed and new trial ordered.