People v. . Ahearn

[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 223 Section 382 of the charter of New York (Chapter 466 of the Laws of 1901) by its own terms and by reference to other constitutional and statutory provisions relating to removal of county officers, provided for the removal of the defendant by the governor on charges after an opportunity to be heard in his defense, and no claim is made that all provisions for the trial and protection of the defendant were not observed in the proceeding which resulted in his removal. It is, however, somewhat argued that the provisions purporting to confer upon the governor the power of removal of defendant conflict with what are commonly known as the Home Rule provisions of the Constitution, and are, therefore, invalid. We are so agreed that this argument is not well founded, that the provisions under which the governor proceeded are constitutional and valid, and that they do not violate either the letter or the spirit of those provisions which secure and guarantee the principles of local self-government, that it does not seem necessary to discuss them. Assuming, therefore, that the removal of the defendant was *Page 226 entirely valid, I shall proceed to a discussion of the other questions presented for our consideration and which relate to the validity of his subsequent appointment. This appointment, purported to be made by virtue of a provision in the same section of the charter already referred to and which reads: "Any vacancy in the office of president caused by removal from the borough, or otherwise, shall be filled for the unexpired term by an election to such vacancy made by a majority vote of all the members of the board of aldermen then in office representing said borough." Whether that is material or not, it is conceded that the word "election" in this provision is equivalent to the word "appointment." The People insist in support of this action that the removal of the defendant deprived him of his office for its entire term and that he could not be appointed to the vacancy for the unexpired term under the provisions just quoted. The appellant, on the other hand, insists that such was not the case and that by such removal neither the board of aldermen was barred from appointing him nor he disqualified from accepting such appointment. It occurs to the mind at once that if the appellant's theory is correct and the board of aldermen was authorized to appoint him to the vacancy just caused by his removal, the legislature has solemnly enacted a statute authorizing conspicuously inconsistent acts and absurd results. It has authorized the governor to try and remove a public official as unworthy to hold office and the board of aldermen to select him forthwith as a proper person to fill the resulting vacancy. It has provided that the action of one branch of the government forthwith may be nullified by that of another; that a public official who has been punished for inefficiency and maladministration of his office may be reimbursed for his loss by appointment to the very office of which he has been deprived and that the public service, supposed to be safeguarded and benefited by his removal, may be demoralized by his immediate reinstatement. In effect it has repealed the provision in the charter providing for removal of officials for *Page 227 cause by another provision in the self-same section authorizing the reappointment of the man who had just been dismissed. Such results would so offend against the principles of an orderly and efficient administration of government as well as those of ordinary common sense that no one would be likely to defend them as a product of wise legislation. But it was urged by the learned counsel for the appellant on the argument that neither his client nor the courts are responsible for ill-considered legislation and that unwise legislative enactments do not justify unauthorized judicial amendments. If the legislature has actually ordained that such results as these should be permitted, their action is final. But the principle is equally true that the obligation rests on the courts to assume that legislation was not intended to beget absurdities and to exhaust the limit of legitimate construction before affixing to it any such consequences. The principles ordinarily governing the interpretation of statutes command us to favor a construction which is most agreeable to reason and justice, to consider the entire statute and to give effect to every clause and part thereof, thus securing a consistent and harmonious whole, and to avoid a construction which would leave any provision of the statute without effect, or which would result in a virtual repeal by implication of one provision by another. It is, however, urged that such familiar rules are not here applicable; that if the statute is so construed as to prohibit the appointment of appellant, it must be because there is read into it by implication a disqualification after removal to hold office, and that such disqualification is in the nature of a fine, forfeiture or penalty and not to be readily implied. This consideration does not appear to be necessarily involved. The decision of this case, it would seem, may be rested on the construction of the clause giving power to the board of aldermen to fill the vacancy caused by appellant's removal, rather than on any implication in the one authorizing removal, and if this is so, there will not be involved primarily and properly any question of appellant's disqualification for or forfeiture of the right of appointment to the vacancy. The question will *Page 228 simply be one of the extent of and limitations upon the power of appointment which the legislature intended to confer, and will be subject to the ordinary rules of statutory construction. Those rules, as has been pointed out, require us to consider the entire scope and purpose of the statute, and to consider one provision in connection with the others. When we do this, we are not justified in believing that the legislature in providing for filling a vacancy overlooked or disregarded the proceedings just authorized which might lead to such vacancy, or that it intended to permit that to be undone under one clause which had just been accomplished under another one, or that it intended to clothe an appointing board with the power to fill an office with an appointee who had just been ousted therefrom because adjudged to be an improper person to hold it. On the contrary, it is not only reasonable, but legally justifiable to believe that in enacting the later provision the legislature had clearly in mind the earlier one, and that in giving the power of appointment it intended to authorize the appointment of proper persons and did not intend to include the power to select a person just found to be otherwise. This exception or limitation is to be understood. If the proprietor of a business organization should direct one foreman to investigate the conduct of a workman and discharge him if found dishonest or incompetent, and should at the same time authorize another foreman to hire some one to fill the vacancy thus arising, I suppose this latter authority would always and reasonably be construed as permitting the employment of some new competent man and never as meaning the immediate reinstatement of one just dismissed for cause. But if we consider this case from the standpoint chosen by appellant and assume that its decision is dependent on the construction of the removal clause and that in order to succeed the People must maintain the proposition that appellant's removal deprived him of his office for its entire term and, therefore, of the right to be appointed to the vacancy although such result was not specifically expressed, I see no reason to shrink from this test or to be doubtful of the end to which it will lead. *Page 229 Doubtless we might say, as is so earnestly urged by counsel, that the strict letter of the statute would be satisfied by a removal which ousted appellant from his office for a day or an hour until some appointing power could reinstate him. But if we consider the general scope and purpose of this statute we shall be led to the conclusion that the legislature must have contemplated and intended more than this and that the language which it employed is susceptible of a construction which will carry out its purpose. The removal which is authorized in such a case as this can only be made after the incumbent has been heard in his own defense upon charges which challenge his official conduct and qualifications for office and has been found guilty. The punishment of removal from office is inflicted because he has been found to have committed acts indicating an unfitness to hold it. We have what is equivalent to a finding that sufficient cause exists why the incumbent should not be allowed to continue in his office and a judgment that, therefore, he be deprived of it. It is true that the proceeding in which this occurs is an executive rather than a judicial one. Still it is subject to certain fundamental rules of law, and the conceded facts in this case illustrate how analogous it may be in its essential features to a trial before a judicial tribunal. It is of course plain that the legislature intended that the proceeding should be a serious one and an effective method of getting rid of unfit public officials. It is equally clear and will doubless be so conceded in anything which may be said or written on the other side of this question, that this purpose will be frustrated and the administration of the law turned into a farce if under it an official may be immediately reappointed and a removal turned into a mere temporary suspension. In order to avoid such a result and keeping in mind the purpose of the statute we are justified, in my judgment, in construing the removal for which it provides as meaning a permanent and lasting ouster for the entire remaining term of the incumbent from the office which he has been filling and whose obligations he has been found unable or unwilling to discharge. As *Page 230 was well said by Mr. Justice SCOTT at the Appellate Division, an office implies "much more than the right to physically occupy a specified room, to exercise certain power and to receive a prescribed emolument." So far as its beneficial aspect was concerned, appellant's office consisted of the right to enjoy certain powers, privileges, honors and emoluments for a given term, and when the statute prescribed that he should be removed it may be construed to mean that he should be removed from and deprived of all that which thus made up his office, namely, the right to enjoy these things for and during the entire term for which he had originally been selected. It is of course true, as is argued by counsel, that we do not speak of removing an official from his "term" of office. But the right to enjoy for a certain period the privileges and profits of a given position is an important element of an office in its complete conception, and a removal from the office under the conditions here present may fairly mean a dismissal for that period from those rights and privileges. If it should be assumed, as argued by appellant, that this construction, because it will debar him from appointment to the vacancy for the unexpired balance of his term, amounts to reading into the statute a disqualification for appointment which is not expressly written there, and, therefore, must be subjected to the rules of construction applicable to quasi penal statutes, this test will be survived. While statutes of the character designated are to be construed with strictness in favor of a defendant, still they are subject to rules of construction which are reasonable under the surrounding circumstances, and they are not wholly exempt from the application of the principle that the means may be fashioned somewhat to the end and that the letter is to be read somewhat in the light of the purpose to be accomplished. In Bolles v. Outing Company (175 U.S. 265) it was said: "The statute, then, being penal, must be construed with such strictness as to carefully safeguard the rights of the defendant and at the same time preserve the obvious intention of the legislature. If the language be plain, it will be construed *Page 231 as it reads, and the words of the statute given their full meaning; if ambiguous, the court will lean more strongly in favor of the defendant than it would if the statute were remedial. In both cases it will endeavor to effect substantial justice." In U.S. v. Lacher (134 U.S. 624) in construing a criminal statute the court said: "But though penal laws are to be construed strictly, yet the intention of the legislature must govern in the construction of penal as well as other statutes, and they are not to be construed so strictly as to defeat the obvious intention of the legislature. * * * `It appears to me,' said Mr. Justice STORY, in United States v. Winn, 3 Sumner, 209, 211, `that the proper course, in all these cases, is to search out and follow the true intent of the legislature, and to adopt that sense of the words which harmonizes best with the context, and promotes in the fullest manner the apparent policy and objects of the legislature'" It is said by Mr. Sedgwick in his work on Statutory and Constitutional Law (2nd ed. 282): "The rule that statutes of this class are to be construed strictly, is far from being a rigid or unbending one; or rather, it has in modern times been so modified and explained away, as to mean little more than that penal provisions, like all others, are to be fairly construed according to the legislative intent as expressed in the enactment; the courts refusing on the one hand to extend the punishment to cases which are not clearly embraced in them, and on the other, equally refusing by any mere verbal nicety, forced construction, or equitable interpretation, to exonerate parties plainly within their scope." The forfeiture of rights otherwise existing will sometimes be inferred from penal statutes which do not expressly prescribe such results. Thus in Griffith v. Wells (3 Denio, 226) it was held that where a statute imposes a penalty for doing an act, such act is unlawful, although not in terms prohibited or declared to be illegal, and a right of action to recover for liquors was denied because the plaintiff had sold them in violation of a statute which only inflicted a penalty upon one selling liquors without a license, and did not in terms prohibit *Page 232 said sale. It was held to be a fair inference that when a statute imposed a penalty for the performance of a certain act it intended to make such act illegal. Some aid in the consideration of this subject may be derived from an examination of the general statute relating to vacancies in public offices. Section 20 of the Public Officers Law (L. 1892, ch. 681, as amended) in force when appellant was removed, provides: "Every office shall be vacant upon the happening of either of the following events before the expiration of the term thereof: * * * 3. His (the incumbent's) removal from office. * * * 5. His conviction of a felony, or a crime involving a violation of his oath of office." Thus the conviction of certain crimes and a removal from office have precisely the same effect on an official's incumbency of office. Either event ousts him and makes the office vacant. There is no express provision in either case that his ouster shall be for the entire term and that he may not be immediately appointed to fill the vacancy caused thereby. If he can be appointed to fill the vacancy in one case, he may be in the other. Section 117 of the Penal Code provides that the willful omission by a public officer to perform any duty of his office shall be a misdemeanor and, therefore, a conviction of such an offense would be a "conviction of * * * a crime involving a violation of his oath of office," and cause a vacancy. A misdemeanor is not punishable by imprisonment in state's prison and, therefore, within section 707 of the Penal Code, such conviction would not forfeit "all public offices, and suspends, during the term of the sentence, all the civil rights, and all private trusts" of the person sentenced. In other words, so far as these provisions are concerned, a person convicted of a misdemeanor would not suffer a general disqualification to hold public office, and his right to be appointed to the vacancy caused by his conviction would depend upon the construction of the statute declaring the vacancy. Is it possible that when the statute provides that conviction of a crime involving violation of oath of office *Page 233 shall be regarded as so seriously impairing an incumbent's competency and usefulness that ipso facto it shall oust him from office, it still intends that this effect and ouster may be temporary and that the individual may immediately be appointed and restored to the very vacancy which has been so promptly and imperatively created even though he may still be subject to imprisonment on the conviction which has operated to disqualify and oust him? It is not a sufficient answer to this possibility to say that it would never occur and that no appointing power would ever have the temerity to make such an appointment. The test of the meaning and purpose of a statute is what may be rather than what probably will be done under it. And as has been suggested under the statute there is and ought to be no distinction between such a criminal conviction and a removal for cause by the governor in depriving an incumbent of his office and creating a vacancy. If one may be turned into a mere temporary suspension the other may. Brief attention next must be given to some arguments in behalf of appellant based on facts and reasons which are believed to be at least indirectly opposed to the foregoing views. Our attention is called to various cases in which the legislature has affixed as a consequence to conviction for certain crimes a disqualification to hold office, and to the provisions regulating the nature of the judgment on impeachment of a public officer and which provide that the defendant either may be simply removed from office or may be removed from office and disqualified to hold and enjoy a particular office or class of offices or any office of profit, trust or honor, and because of these provisions of or for express disqualification it is argued that no disqualification can have been intended in the absence of express provision and that certainly a more serious consequence should not be attached to the proceedings under review than to those of impeachment where disqualification must be expressly provided for. Independent of any other reply to this argument, the complete answer is *Page 234 that the disqualification provided for in the instances cited is a general disqualification either to hold any office or some particular office, and nobody argues that such general disqualification would flow from the removal of the defendant in this case. The proposition here is that the defendant by his removal has been deprived of a particular office for the particular term for which he had been selected and within which he was removed. If after an impeachment proceeding where the judgment was simply of removal without general disqualification the question should arise whether the official might be immediately appointed to fill the vacancy caused by his impeachment, a question somewhat analagous to the present one would be presented. It is not overlooked that in the impeachment trial of Judge Barnard, Judge ALLEN of the Court of Appeals, sitting as a member of the impeachment court, in urging that a judgment of mere removal would be entirely inadequate, did seek to enforce the argument of inadequacy by saying that under such judgment alone the defendant might be appointed to fill the vacancy. That statement, however, made as a matter of argument against a certain form of procedure, is not to be regarded as a controlling authority upon the question now before us. It is true that it is urged that if defendant's removal is to be construed as having the effect of barring him from appointment to the vacancy, it must be regarded as having effected a general disqualification to hold any office. That argument does not require serious attention. The defendant was tried on charges affecting his administration of a certain office during a certain term, and as a punishment he was removed from that office. Because such removal barred him from immediate appointment to fill the vacancy for the unexpired term, it ought not to be seriously claimed that it disqualified him to take some other office or to be elected to a new term of the same office, neither of which were in any way involved in his trial and from neither of which he was removed. But lastly it is said that if the vacancy caused by defendant's removal were to be filled by an election by the people, *Page 235 the latter would have the right to elect defendant notwithstanding his removal, and that no distinction can be drawn between the power of the people to fill the vacancy by election and that of the board of aldermen to fill it by appointment. While personally I am not prepared to assent to the proposition that if the power of filling the vacancy caused by appellant's removal had been conferred upon the voters of a limited district to be exercised by election, they would have had any greater power or discretion than the board of aldermen, it is sufficient to say for the present that that question is not here and it is not necessary to pass on it. There is little chance that the principles actually involved in our decision will ever practically embarrass the right of selection by the people of whomsoever they desire, including the removed official. In nearly all of the cases which might arise, the power of temporarily filling the vacancy is conferred upon some appointing power and then the people elect for a full, complete term which could not be regarded as part of the unexpired term of office from which the official had been removed, but rather as a new term and for the election to which full term he would not be ineligible because of anything said here. Thus in the case of a removal of a sheriff as of other county officials the vacancy would be filled by temporary appointment and then an election would be held for a full entire term. While the election would be primarily occasioned by a vacancy arising from removal, the election could not be regarded as held for the purpose of filling a vacancy, but rather as held for the purpose of filling another term and, therefore, under the views hereinbefore set forth, while the official who had been removed would be prevented from taking the appointment to fill the vacancy in part of his original term, he would not be disqualified from accepting an election for what was treated as a new term. I fail to see any argument against this principle in the fact that the new term created by the Constitution might commence within the period covered by the original term from which an incumbent has been removed. That is a mere matter of constitutional or statutory provision. *Page 236 The authorities upon this subject are not numerous. It is natural that they should not be. It would seldom happen that a person duly removed from office for cause after a hearing would attempt to intrude himself into the vacancy caused by his own conviction of wrongdoing in that office, or that an appointing power would permit occasion for legal controversy by appointing such person. The preponderance of whatever authority there is, is decidedly in favor of the conclusions which thus far have prevailed in this case. The action of State of Minnesota v. Dart (57 Minn. 261) dealt with a case where a county treasurer had been removed from office for malfeasance. Pending his suspension under charges and his final removal he resigned and thereafter and before his removal he had been appointed by the board of county commissioners to the vacancy caused by his resignation. The court held that his eligibility for the office during the remainder of the term for which he had originally been elected was involved in the removal proceedings and that having been removed on charges he was rendered ineligible for appointment to the vacancy, and that he could not avoid this result by a voluntary resignation pending his trial. In State of Kansas ex rel. Coleman v. Rose (74 Kan. 262) it was held that where a mayor had been removed from his office on conviction of official misconduct he could not be re-elected to fill the vacancy caused by such removal. It is true that in this case the judgment removing him expressly ousted him for the entire original term, but the court in making its decision affirmed the proposition that this provision for removal for the entire term was not essential to its decision; that the removal under the circumstances without such special provision operated to deprive him of his office for the entire term during which he was removed. The cases of State of Iowa v. Welsh (109 Iowa 19) andMatter of Advisory Opinion (31 Fla. 1) are also cited as sustaining the People's position, and it is true that the opinion at least in the latter case does have that effect. In the case of State ex rel. Tyrrell v. Jersey City *Page 237 (25 N.J.L. 536) the court had before it the consideration of a motion for a writ of peremptory mandamus directed to the common council of Jersey City commanding it to admit one Tyrrell as a member of said council. He had formerly been a member, had been expelled on charges of bribery and then had been re-elected. The court wrote to the effect that the sentence of expulsion did not disqualify him from being re-elected to the same office and also that having been re-elected he could not be expelled for the same offense. InMatter of Guden (71 App. Div. 423) it was said of this decision that it "is merely an authority to the effect that the common council of Jersey City had no power to expel a member for acts committed previous to his election, the question being whether such officer having been expelled from the council once, upon conviction of official corruption, and having been re-elected, could again be expelled for the same identical offense." Aside from this summary of what this case might be regarded as holding, it is subject to such considerations as may be applicable to an election by the people of an official who had been expelled from a legislative body as distinguished from an appointment. I find nothing decided by the court and nothing written by Judge CULLEN in People ex rel. Devery v. Coler (173 N.Y. 103,112), urged upon our attention, which conflicts with the conclusions which have been reached. That case considered a statutory provision that the police commissioner of the city of New York "may, whenever in the judgment of the mayor of said city or the governor the public interests shall so require, be removed from office by either, and shall be ineligible for reappointment thereto." Judge CULLEN was of the opinion that the provision rendering any incumbent who might be removed from the office of police commissioner ineligible for reappointment was unconstitutional, and this view was entertained because such disqualification was "of the most arbitrary character," since the incumbent might be removed without those charges or that hearing which are required in the present case, and for that reason a removal did not involve any reflection on the *Page 238 official or personal character of the officer removed. There is no difficulty in seeing the substantial distinction between that case and this. Passing beyond the decisions of courts, the attempt has been made to sustain the views urged in behalf of appellant by reference to the action of legislative bodies in passing on the cases of those who had been re-elected to fill vacancies caused by their expulsion and much importance has been given to the action of the English House of Commons in the Wilkes case. Wilkes was expelled for an offense of a political nature — a seditious libel — which does not appear to have been committed in any official capacity or to have involved personal turpitude or misfeasance in office, the House of Commons exercising a very broad power to expel for any cause which in its judgment unfits a member for parliamentary duties. (Story on Const. § 838.) It was at first determined by the House of Commons that this expulsion rendered Wilkes ineligible for election to fill the vacancy caused by his expulsion, but this action was subsequently rescinded. If necessary, it would seem that a substantial distinction might be drawn in resulting effects between a case of expulsion by a legislative body exercising very comprehensive jurisdiction over its own membership for political or other reasons not amounting to betrayal of official duties and where there may be no hearing and a case where the removal is based solely on official misfeasance and only occurs after a hearing. But it is unnecessary to consider this here for the legislative doctrine and practice adopted by the House of Commons in theWilkes case if considered applicable to a case of expulsion for official misfeasance has been fairly rejected by our national House of Representatives upon facts which make the latter's action a basis of very pertinent argument here. In 1870 expulsion proceedings were instituted against one Whittemore for alleged sale of appointments to the naval and military academies. Pending such proceedings the accused resigned from his office, and he was then at a special election chosen to fill the vacancy caused by such resignation. When *Page 239 the credentials of such election were laid before the house a resolution was duly adopted, "That the House of Representatives decline to allow said Whittemore to be sworn as a Representative * * * and direct that his credentials be returned to him." Accompanying this resolution was a preamble reciting the facts of the proceedings of expulsion against Whittemore and the fact that he had escaped expulsion by resigning. It was thus determined,first, that a member might not escape the effect of expulsion proceedings by resigning, and, second, that a member thus proceeded against for official misfeasance was not eligible for election to fill the vacancy caused by his resignation to escape expulsion. On the other side of the case attention will be called to the remarks of General Logan in supporting this action and resolution as breaking its force in this connection. He said that "he did not presume that the Constitution contemplated expulsion for any mere political reasons, or for anything except a violation of the rules of the House or an infraction of some existing law. He assumed that where the House had the right to expel for violation of its rules or of some existing law it had the same power to exclude a person from its body. * * * It was right to exclude a man from the House for crime. It was this feature of crime which distinguished this case from those of Messrs. Giddings, of Ohio, and Brooks and Keitt, of South Carolina, who after receiving the censure of the House, had resigned their seats, and after re-election had been admitted to the House. The case of Mr. Matteson, of New York, who had been censured, was also different, because he had returned to a Congress succeeding that in which he had been censured, and which had no jurisdiction of the offense committed against its predecessor." There is nothing in these remarks which does or can alter the fundamental facts directly involved in the action of the House of Representatives. These were that Whittemore had been guilty of official misconduct; that proceedings were instituted for his expulsion and which he escaped only by resigning; that it was held that he could not escape the consequences of his *Page 240 misconduct by so doing, and that his misconduct rendered him ineligible for election to the vacancy for the balance of the term caused by his resignation to escape such expulsion. Certainly it must follow that if the expulsion proceedings had proceeded to their termination and the member had been removed from office for his misconduct he would have been held to be ineligible to fill the vacancy. It is especially significant, as destroying the authority of the Wilkes case as an authority in legislative practice in this country, that it was cited in debate as an authority against the action then being taken, and its doctrine rejected. (Hinds' Precedents of the House of Representatives, vol. 1, p. 487; vol. 2, p. 830, etc.) And in the debate full recognition was taken of the distinction between the Whittemore case and cases where members resigning after mere censure for causes political and not involving misfeasance had been re-elected, and also cases where the re-election had been to a Congress succeeding the one at which the member had been punished. In view of this action by one branch of our highest legislative body, statements and opinions which have been cited of various constitutional and historical writers based on the doctrine of the Wilkes case seem to lose their value as authorities in this country. The order should be affirmed, with costs, and question certified answered in the affirmative.