Webb v. . Sweet

Chase, J. The testator died prior to the enactment of the Eeal Property Law (Chapter 547 of 1896) and the will must be interpreted in recognition of and obedience to the provisions of part 2, chapter 1, title 2, article 1 of the Eevised Statutes. It is provided by section 3 of said article that: “ All estates tail are abolished; and every estate which would be adjudged a fee tail, according to the law of this state, as it existed previous to the twelfth day of July, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-two, shall hereafter be adjudged a fee simple; and if no valid remainder be limited thereon, shall be a fee simple absolute.” *175 It is also provided by section 28 of said article that “ Where a remainder shall be limited to the heirs, or heirs of the body of a person to whom a life estate, in the same premises, shall be given, the persons who, on the termination of the life estate, shall be the heirs, or heirs of the body of such tenant for life, shall be entitled to take as purchasers, by virtue of the remainder so limited to them.” The plaintiffs claim that Emily Sweet took a life estate in said property and that upon her death without heirs of her body the contingent remainder became vested in them as the heirs at law of said residuary legatee. The defendants Sweet and Lane claim that under said section 3 of the Revised Statutes said Emily Sweet took a fee simple absolute in said property and that upon her death it descended to them as her heirs at law. Was the will correctly construed in rendering judgment in favor of the plaintiffs ? It is not questioned here, but that the unqualified direction of the testator to invest the fund of $1,500 in real property in the manner stated, operated as an equitable conversion of the fund into real property and that it should be disposed of as if the investment had in fact been made. We first look to the will to ascertain the testator’s intention and have no difficulty in concluding that the testator intended to limit the devise to Emily Sweet to her life. It is so expressed by him in clear and unmistakable words. Subject to such life estate he intended that the real property purchased with said $1,500 should vest in her descendants, if she left descendants. There is nothing in the will to justify the contention of the defendants that the testator intended that the real property to be purchased with said $1,500 should remain in the Sweet family. The sixteenth paragraph of the will which gives to plaintiffs’ father the rest, residue and remainder of the testator’s estate is full, clear and sufficient as a devise to him of the remainder in said real estate contingent upon said Emily Sweet dying without leaving heirs of her body. (Matter of Bonnet, 113 N. Y. 522; Riker v. Cornwell, 113 N. Y. 115; Floyd v. Carow, 88 N. Y. 560; Mat *176 ter of Miner, 146 N. Y. 121; Lamb v. Lamb, 131 N. Y. 227; Morton v. Woodbury, 353 N. Y. 243; Moffett v. Elmendorf, 152 N. Y. 475.) Emily Sweet having died without heirs of her body, the judgment of the court below would seem to be right, unless the provisions of the Revised Statutes relating to the creation and division of estates require a different determination. Chapter 2 of the Laws of 1782 declares, “ That in all cases wherein any person or persons would if this law had not been made had been seized in fee tail of any lands, temements, hereditaments, such person or persons shall in future be deemed to be seized of the same in fee simple.” That act was superseded by chapter 12 of the Laws of 1786 (Yol. 1, ¡Revised Laws, 52), which in terms abolished all estates tail, and substantially re-enacted the provisions of the former act declaring that a person that would prior to that act take an estate tail shall be deemed to be seized of the same in fee simple absolute. This act was repealed when the Revised Statutes were enacted. 27otwitlistanding estates tail were abolished, the celebrated rule in Shelley's Oase (1 Coke, 104) remained in force so far as it was unaffected by said acts until the enactment of said section 28 of the Revised Statute's. The revisers advised the abolition of the rule in Shelley's case as being one “purely arbitrary and technical and calculated to defeat the intention of those who are ignorant of technical language.” The rule in Shelley's case was in substance that, “ When the ancestor by any gift or conveyance takes an estate of freehold and in the same gift or conveyance an estate is limited either mediately or immediately to his heirs in fee or in tail, the heirs are words of limitation of the estate and not words of purchase.” (Brown v. Lyon, 6 N. Y. 419.) The rule in Shelley's case was a rule of law and not a rule of construction, and when a case came within its terms it was applied with all its arbitrary and technical severity. It was held in many cases to apply notwithstanding the will by express terms limited the gift to the first taker to an estate for life. *177 The enactment of said section 28 of the Bevised Statutes not only abolished the rule in Shelley’s case, but it settled in the negative any further claim that a testators intention to limit a gift or devise to a jierson for life could not be earned out where a remainder is limited to the heirs or heirs of the body of a person to whom a life estate in the same premises is given. The courts have recognized a construction of these sections of the statute so as to give effect to the intention of the testator in Barber v. Gary (11 N. Y. 397, 401); Moore v. Littel (40 Barb. 488, 495); Barlow v. Barlow (2 N. Y. 386); Hall v. La France Fire Engine Co. (158 N. Y. 570) and other cases. That it was the intention of the Bevised Statutes to have the courts first give effect, so far as possible, to the intent of the parties to all instruments affecting real property is further shown by section 2 of title 5 of chapter 1 of part 2 of the Bevised Statutes, which provides as follows: “ In the construction of every instrument creating or conveying, or authorizing the creation or conveyance of any estate or interest in lands, it shall be the duty of courts of justice, to carry into effect the intent of the parties, so far as such intent can be collected from the whole instrument, and is consistent with the rules of law.” We are of the opinion that the intent of the testator, as collected from the whole will, was to give Emily Sweet a life estate only in the real property to be purchased with said fund, and that such intent so expressed in said will is consistent with the rules of law. The plaintiffs, therefore, became vested with the title to said fund upon the death of said Emily Sweet. The judgment should be affirmed, with costs. Cullen, Ch. J., O’Brien, Edward T. Bartlett and Willard Bartlett, JJ., concur; Haight and Vann, JJ., absent. Judgment affirmed.