Dannhauser v. . Wallenstein

Werner, J". The equities in favor of the plaintiff are so clear and strong that they should be upheld unless they conflict with some settled and inflexible rule or principle of law. The assignment from the defendant to Hamburger was executed in September, 1879, or nearly twenty years before the death of the defendant’s husband. It was made upon a consideration of $3,000, paid by Hamburger to the defendant’s husband. The subsequent assignment to the plaintiff was made in part payment of a claim of $8,000 and upwards, which the latter held against Hamburger. If the assignment to Hamburger is void, it follows that the assignment to the plaintiff is equally invalid, since he took no better title than his assignor. If these assignments are held to be void, the plaintiff may possibly have his remedy over against Hamburger, but the latter will be remediless, as his claim is clearly barred by the Statute of Limitations. Before proceeding to examine the statutes and decisions under which the defendant seeks to repudiate her assignment to Hamburger, let us briefly consider the scope and effect of the judgment's below. The decision of the trial court was in the so-called short form and is, therefore, fortified by the presumption that all the facts warranted by the evidence and necessary to support the judgment were impliedly found by the court. (Bomeisler v. Forster, 154 N. Y. 229; Trustees, Amherst College v. Ritch, 151 id. 282; Petrie v. Trustees, *206 Hamilton College, 158 id. 463.) The order of the Appellate Division reversing the judgment of the trial court is silent as to the grounds of reversal, and this court is, therefore, hound to presume that the reversal was upon the law. (Code Civ. Pro. § 1338.) Thus the facts stand approved by the court below and our right of review is confined to the question whether, in any view of the facts proved, the plaintiff was entitled to the relief awarded him by the trial court. (National Harrow Co. v. Bement & Sons, 163 N. Y. 509.) This question embraces several others which we will now consider. Defendant claims that the assignment to Hamburger is void under chap. 248, Laws of 1879, which became a law on May 5th of that year and provides that “ All policies of insurance heretofore or hereafter issued within the state of Hew York upon the lives of husbands for the benefit and use of their wives, in pursuance of the laws of the state, shall be, from and after the passage of this act, assignable by said wife with the written consent of her husband; or in case of her death by her legal representatives, with the written consent of her husband, to any person whomsoever, or be surrendered to the company issuing such policy, with the written consent of the husband.” The learned trial court found, and the fact is, that the husband never did consent in any formal writing to the defendant’s assignment of said policy to Hamburger, but held that the delivery of said policy and assignment by the defendant to her husband, and his delivery thereof to Hamburger, coupled with the receipt of the consideration therefor by the husband, was a substantial compliance with the law above referred to. The learned Appellate Division took the contrary view and held that nothing short of a written consent by the husband would be a compliance with the terms of the statute. We concur in this view of the Appellate Division, if the statute above quoted applies to the policy in suit; but we think it does not apply. It is to be observed that the language of the statute is that all “ policies of insurance * * * upon the lives of hnsbands for the benefit and use of their wives ” are made assign *207 able in the manner therein prescribed. The original policy, for which the one in suit was substituted, was payable to “ Moses Wallenstein’s representatives,” and was, therefore, not a “ wife’s” policy unless this ease falls within the rule laid down in Griswold v. Sawyer (125 N. Y. 414). The contest in that case was between the widow and children of the insured, on the one side, and his administrator on the other, for the possession of a paid-up policy of insurance payable to the “ legal representatives” of Griswold, the insured. This policy was issued in the lifetime of Griswold upon the surrender of a prior policy, but there was no proof showing who were the beneficiaries named therein. Under these conditions it was held proper to consider the circumstances of the insured and the conditions co-existing with the issuance of the paid-up policy in the effort to determine the meaning of the words “ legal representatives.” This court there said : “ It is undoubtedly true that the strict, technical prima facie meaning of these words is administrators or executors, and that they must always have that meaning unless it can be seen that they were used in a different sense. That these words have sometimes been used in statutes and decisions in a different sense cannot be doubted.” (Citing cases.) In the case at bar the husband and wife have given practical construction to the words “ personal representatives ” used in the original policy. On the 11th of January, 1877, the husband assigned the same to his wife “ or her executors, administrators and assigns.” Thus the rule invoked in Griswold v. Sawyer (supra) does not apply. It is further urged on behalf of the defendant that even if the original policy was not a “wife’s” policy, the paid-up policy which, it is claimed, was a new and independent contract, was expressly made payable to “ Rosa Wallenstein, wife of Moses Wallenstein,, assignee, or her legal representatives,” and thus came within the provisions of the statute of 1879. If the premise that the second policy was a new and distinct contract is sound, the conclusion must follow that it was a wife’s policy. We are, however, of the opinion that the *208 paid-up policy was not a new contract. It was simply a continuation of the original contract under the option which gave the holder thereof the right, after two or more annual premiums had been paid, to cease paying the annual premiums and take a paid-up policy in exchange for the first one. It was a change in the mere form of the contract expressly provided for by its own terms. It is true that the first policy, the original evidence of the contract between the insured and the company, was “ surrendered to the company and canceled ” when the paid-up policy was issued, but this was simply a part of, and in compliance with, the terms of the original contract. The contract was continued as it provided that it might be, in the form of a paid-up policy, such as was accepted by the defendant. It was not a modification, but a fulfillment of the original contract. In People v. Globe Mutual Life Ins. Co. (15 Abb. N. C. 78; affd., 96 N. Y. 675, upon the opinion of the referee) the converse of the question now before us was decided, the court there holding that a policy originally issued for the benefit of the wife was not abrogated by its exchange for a paid-up policy, procured by the husband without her consent and by him subsequently surrendered to the company. The language of the referee, approved by this court, was as follows: “ The paid-up policy, however, was issued in continuation of the first policy, and for its then value, and the company entered into a new covenant that no more premiums should be paid. In one sense it was the first policy continued; it was not an entire cancellation of the contract of insurance, as was the surrender of the paid-up policy.” In Conn. Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Van Campen (11 N. Y. Supp. 103) the former General Term of the first department held that the surrender of an original policy for one that was “ paid up ” did not create a new contract, but was substantially a continuation of the old one, and in McDonnell v. Alabama G. L. Ins. Co. (85 Ala. 412), which is a well-considered case, the same conclusion was' reached. The same doctrine was clearly enunciated in Barry v. Brune (71 N. Y. 261). *209 Hot does the fact that the paid-up policy was issued at the instance of the wife and was payable to her or her legal representatives change the contract. If the original policy was not a “ wife’s ” policy, the defendant’s only title to or right therein was derived through the assignment of her husband to her. By virtue of that assignment she became the owner thereof (Trav. Ins. Co. v. Healey, 25 App. Div. 61; affd., 164 N. Y. 607), and hence she was the only person to whom the paid-up policy could have been issued. It remains to be seen whether the views above expressed are in conflict with any of the statutes enacted prior to 1879, or with any of the previous decisions of this court-.' We will first consider the statutory history of the subject. In 1840 the legislature passed chapter 80 of the laws of that year, entitled “ An act in respect to insurances for lives for the benefit of married women.” It provided that (§ 1) “ It shall be lawful for any married woman, by herself, and in her name, or in the name of any third person, with his assent, as her trustee, to -cause to he insured, for her sole use, the life of her husband for any definite period, or for the term of his natural life; and in case of her surviving her husband, the sum or net -amount of the insurance becoming due and payable, by the terms of the insurance, shall be payable to her, to and for her -own use, free from the claims of the representatives of her husband, or of any of his creditors; but such exemption shall not apply where the amount of premium annually paid shall •exceed three hundred dollars. (§ 2) In case of the death of the wife, before the decease of her husband, the amount of the insurance may be made payable after her death to her children for their use, and to their guardian, if under age.” It will be observed that the exemption of this act extended to all insurance effected by or for a wife upon the life of her husband when the annual premiums paid did not exceed three hundred dollars. In 1858 this act was amended (Oh. 187) by providing that the “ exemption shall not apply where the amount of premium annually paid out of the funds or property of the husband shall exceed three hundred dollars.” *210 Under the statutes referred to, the right of the wife to the proceeds of an insurance policy was contingent upon her surviving her husband, but in 1866 the statute was further amended by providing (Ch. 656), “ in case of her surviving such period or term, the sum or net amount of the insurance becoming due and payable by the terms of the insurance, shall be payable to her to and for her own use, free from the claims of the representatives of the husband or of any of his creditors; but such exemption shall not apply where the amount of premium annually paid out of the funds or property of the husband shall exceed three hundred dollars.” In 1870, by ch. 277, the statute was again amended by providing, “ But, when the premium paid in any year out of the property or funds of the husband shdll exceed five htmdred dollars, such exemption from such claims shall not apply to so much of said premium so paid as shall be in excess of fi/oe hundred dollars, but such excess, with the interest thereon,, shall enure to the benefit of his creditors.” It will be noted, in passing, that up to 1870, the year in which the amendment last quoted was passed, there had been no statutory provision for the disposition, by the wife, of life insurance policies issued for her benefit. In 1873 the legislature enacted ch. 821, to amend the statutes of 1858 and 1870, and section 2 thereof provided first, for the manner in which “ any policy in favor of a married woman, or of her and her children, or assigned in her, or in her and their favor” could be surrendered to the company issuing the same. It further provided: “ And such married woman may, in case she have no child or children born of her body, or any issue of any child or children born of her body, dispose of such policy in and by a last will and testament, or any instrument in the nature of a last will and testament, or by deed duly executed and acknowledged before an officer authorized to take acknowledgments of deeds, in the same manner as required by law to pass her dower right in lands of her husband, which disposition lawfully made shall invest the person- or persons to whom such policy shall have been so bequeathed,- *211 or granted and conveyed, with the same rights in respect thereto as such married woman would have had in case she survived the person on whose life such policy was issued, and such legatee or grantee shall have the same right to dispose of such policy as herein conferred on such married woman.” This was the state of the statute law down to 1879, when the legislature passed cli. 248 of the laws of that year, above referred to and by virtue of which a wife may, with the written consent of her husband, assign a policy of insurance issued upon his life for her benefit. It will thus be seen that the act of 1873, which gave a wife who had no children or descendants of such children, the right to dispose of life insurance policies by will or deed, referred in express terms to policies originally issued for her benefit “ or assigned in her * * * favor,” while the statute of 1879, giving the wife the right to assign policies of insurance upon the life of the husband, relates only to such as are issued “ upon the lives of husbands for the benefit and use of their wives.'1'1 Let ns now examine the authorities to see if they prohibit the view that a policy of insurance procured by a husband payable to his legal representatives, and by him assigned to his wife, is transferable by her like any other property that she may own. In this connection we must bear in mind that the rule that life insurance policies issued upon the lives of husbands for the benefit of their wives were not assignable was not derived from any provision of the statute of 1840, or of any of its amendments, but was established by the courts of this state and has been steadily adhered to since its first promulgation in Eadie v. Slimmon (26 N. Y. 9). In that case this court said : “ The provision of the statute (1840) is special and peculiar, and looks to a provision for a state of widowhood, and for orphan children; and it would he a violation of the spirit of the provision to hold that a wife, insured under this act, could sell or traffic with her policy as though it were realized personal property or an ordinary security for money.” In that case and in all the cases following it, the policy was either procured by the husband upon his life and payable to *212 the wife, or taken out by the wife and payable to herself. (Barry v. Eq. Life Ass. Soc'y, 59 N. Y. 587; Wilson v. Lawrence, 76 id. 585; Brummer v. Cohn, 86 id. 11; Smillie v. Quinn, 90 id. 492; Baron v. Brummer, 100 id. 372; Frank v. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 102 id. 266.) Since the inference of a legislative intent to make non-assign able a policy of insurance upon the life of a husband for the use or benefit of a wife, issued prior to the passage of the act of 1879, rests wholly upon judicial construction, and not upon the express terms of the statute of 1840, it should not, at this late day, be further extended by construction. The act of 1879 in terms refers to the kinds of life insurance policies which, prior to its passage, were held non-assignable, and such policies, and such only, require the written consent of the husband to an assignment by the wife. This conclusion seems to be in harmony with the previous decisions of this court, and is also consonant with the statutes of the state under which a married woman may hold and transfer her own property as though she were unmarried. We, therefore, hold that the policy in suit is not within the provisions of the acts of 1840 and 1879, and that the defendant’s assignment thereof without the written consent of her husband was valid. The order of the Appellate Division should be reversed and the judgment of the Trial Term affirmed, with costs. Gray, Landon and Cullen, JJ., concur; Parker, Oh. J.; not sitting; O’Brien and Haight, SJ., dissent. Ordered accordingly.