Schroeppell v. . Shaw

Harris, J. Courts of law and of equity are governed by the same principles in determining whether a surety has been discharged by any thing done by his creditor. Defences of this character, Avhatever they once may have been, are no longer the subject of exclusive equity jurisdiction. Now, the same facts which will exonerate the surety from liability in equity, will constitute a sufficient defence at law. It is also a familiar principle, that Avhere a party has had' an opportunity to avail himself of a defence at law, and has omitted to do so, he can not afterwards resort to a court of equity to obtain the benefit of such defence. Before a court of equity Avill interfere to deprive a party of the benefit of a judgment he has recovered at law, it must not only appear that it Avould be against good conscience to enforce the judgment, but also, that the party complaining could not have defended himself at larv. (2 Story’s Eq. § 887; Marine Ins. Co. v. Hodgson, 7 Cranch, 332; Norton v. Woods, 5 Paige, 249.) In view of these principles I have been unable to see how a court of equity could obtain jurisdiction of this case. The facts, upon Avhich the plaintiff relies, were, I think, equally available as a defence at larv, as in equity. He omitted to make that defence at larv. To permit him now to escape from the consequences of his neglect, by the interference of a court of equity, *453 would, as it seems to me, be a violation of one of the first principles of equity jurisdiction. It was said by the learned judge who delivered the opinion of the supreme court, that “ a dealing by the creditor with the principal, in respect to a second or-collateral security,'will not, at law, discharge the surety from the payment of the principal debt, although he might have been discharged, had the creditor-dealt with the principal, in the same manner, with respect to the original security.” The authorities cited in support of this distinction are Pitman's Pr. and Surety, 203; Twopenny v. Young, (3 Barn, & Cress. 208 ;) and Taggard v. Curtenius, (15 Wend. 155.) It is indeed said, by Pitman, that a dealing by the creditor with the principal, in respect to the second security, will not, at law, have the effect of discharging the surety on the original security. The only authority upon which he re-, lies to sustain this position, is Twopenny v. Young. No such doctrine, however, will be found in that case. The facts were, that Young, the defendant, had signed a note to the plaintiff as surety with one Rummen. Subsequently Rummen had assigned to the plaintiff, as a further security, his household.goods. The assignment contained a stipulation that Rummen should have the possession of the goods, until after three days’ notice. The grounds of defence were, that the note was merged in the assignment, that being a security of a higher nature; and, secondly, that the agreement to give three days’ notice was giving time to the principal, and therefore discharged the surety. It was held, very properly, that, the deed did not extinguish or suspend the remedy on the note. But it is nowhere said in the case, that if the effect of the second security had been to extinguish or suspend the remedy upon the first, it would not have been available as a defence to the surety in the action upon the note. Taggard v. Curtenius has quit.e as little to do with the question. Indeed, the relation of principal and surety is not to be found in that case. The action was against the makers of two promissory notes. The defendants had deposited with the payees of the notes certain stock. They agreed to use due diligence in disposing of the stock, and to apply a portion of the *454 proceeds to thq payment of the notes. It was alledged that the payees of the notes had neglected to dispose of the stock, until it had become worthless. It was held that these facts did not constitute a defence at law. There is no allusion in the ppinion of the court to the effect which such a transaction might have had upon the obligation of a surety. The distinction, therefore, must be regarded as unsustained by any adjudged case. Nor do I think there is any thing in the nature of the defence itself, which should make it peculiarly the subject of equity jurisdiction. But it may be that the case of King v. Baldwin, (17 John. 384,) should be considered as authority for the interference of a court of equity to relieve a surety after judgment. In that case, the principal debtor being in embarrassed circumstances, the surety had repeatedly urged the creditor to collect his debt, but he refused to do so. The principal debtor was discharged under the insolvent act, and after this a suit was brought against the surety. Upon the trial of the action at law, the surety offered to prove these facts as a defence, but the judge, at the circuit, held that they did not make out a defence. No motion was made for a new trial. Judgment was entered up against the surety, and then he filed his bill in chancery, to obtain a perpetual injunction, to restrain the plaintiff from enforcing his judgment. The chancellor dismissed the bill, but upon appeal the decision of the chancellor was reversed. The circumstances under which this decision was made were somewhat peculiar, and such as, in my judgment, materially detract from the, weight of its authority-. The case was determined by the casting vote of Lieut. Gov. Taylor. The only opinion in favor of reversing the chancellor’s decree, was delivered by Chief Justice Spencer. Justices Van Ness, Platt and Yates, were in favor of sustaining the chancellor’s decision. Among other distinguished lawyers, then members of the court, Senators Van Burén and Van Vechten voted for affirmance. The latter senator delivered a very able opinion, showing conclusively, as I think, that the plaintiff was concluded by the recovery against him at law. Chief Justice Spencer himself admits, that it was then settled that the defence might have been set up at law; but he says that “ un *455 til the case of Pain v. Packard, (13 John. 174,) the principle had not been distinctly settled in the supreme court, and, “ in similar cases, in the English courts, relief had been usually afforded in equity.” “ If it be doubtful,” says he, “ whether a court of law can take cognizance of the defence, and there'exists no doubt of the jurisdiction of a court of equity, and, if in such a case, a defendant at law, under the influence of such doubt, omits to make his defence, or if he bring it forward and it be overruled, under the idea that it is not a defence at law, it is not granting a new trial for a court of equity to afford relief, notwithstanding the trial at law.” I have been accustomed to regard the opinions of this great judge with the greatest deference, but I can not assent to the soundness of the doctrine upon which he advocates the right of a court of equity to take jurisdiction of a matter, which might have been set up as a defence at law, after judgment has been rendered in the action. There are cases where a pending litigation may be transferred from law to equity, on the ground that the remedy at law is uncertain or difficult; but, except in this single instance, I have never known this ground of jurisdiction assumed to sustain a suit in equity after tire litigation at law had terminated. But let it be assumed that the plaintiff is not concluded by the recovery against him at law from obtaining relief in equity, then the question arises, whether, upon the case presented, he is entitled to the relief sought. The ground upon which the plaintiff claims that he is, in equity, entitled to be discharged from his liability, is the alledged gross negligence of the defendant in the collection of the bond and mortgage assigned to him as collateral security for his debt. In the consideration of this question, I shall, at least for the present, assume it to be true, as the plaintiff alledges, that by the exercise of promptness and vigilance, the defendant might have secured the payment of the bond and mortgage, and thus have relieved the plaintiff from his liability. In considering the obligations of the parties to each other, as creditor and sdrely, it is to be borne in mind, that the plaintiff had, by signing the note, guarantied that his principals should, *456 in one year from the date of the note, pay the amount, with interest, to the defendant, or that he would himself be liable for its payment. Before the first installment upon the bond and mortgage had become payable, the note had become due, and the plaintiff, as well as his, principals, was in default. The right of the defendant to sue the plaintiff for the recovery of the note at any time after it became due, will not be denied. Suppose a suit had been brought, and judgment had been recovered, before the alledged default of the defendant, in not securing the payment of the bond and mortgage, had occurred, can it be pretended that the subsequent neglect of the defendant could have the effect of an equitable discharge of the plaintiff’s liability to pay the judgment? It seems to me that to sustain this bill, it is necessary to violate one of the cardinal principles of equity.. The plaintiff was the party first in default. If he had performed his obligation to the defendant, he would have had the control of the' bond and mortgage before any part of it became due. There was no time after the first installment upon the bond and mortgage became due, when the plaintiff was not in default, and liable to be sued for such default. To allow him to take advantage of any want of diligence in the defendant in collecting the bond and mortgage, under such circumstances, seems very much like allowing a man to take advantage. of his own wrong. If the defendant was guilty of negligence the plaintiff was guilty of a positive omission of duty. The defendant was under no higher obligation to collect the bond and mortgage, than the plaintiff was to pay the note, and take the bond and mortgage himself. But let us consider more attentively what constitutes such gross negligence as will operate to discharge a surety, when he is not himself in default. A surety has an undoubted right, upon the payment of the debt, to have the full benefit of all the collateral securities which the creditor has taken as an additional pledge for his debt. “ It is hardly possible,” said Lord Brougham in Hodgson v. Shaw, (3 M. & Keen, 190,) “ to put this right of substitution too high.” “ The surety,” says chancellor Kent, “ by his very character, and relation of surety, has *457 an interest, that the security taken from the principal debtot should be dealt with in good faith, and held in trust, not only for the creditor’s security, but for the surety’s indemnity. The creditor must do no wilful act, either to poison it, in the first instance, or to destroy or cancel it, afterwards.” (Hayes v. Ward, 4 John. Ch. 130.) “ But this qualification should be added, says Story, that a mere omission by the creditor to collect the debt due of the hypothecated property, so that it is lost by his laches; will not discharge the sureties. The creditor must be guilty of some wrongful act, as by a release, or fraudulent surrender, of the pledge, in order to discharge the surety.” (1 Story’s Eq. §§ 501, 639.) Thus, it will be seen, that, in reference to collateral securities, the rule is the same as in reference to the collection of the debt of the principal debtor. The creditor is under no obligation of active diligence for the protection of. the surety, so long as the surety himself remains inactive. Until the surety moves in the matter, it is enough that the creditor holds himself in readiness to transfer to him, when he applies, all the securities he holds, that he may have the benefit of such securities in aid of his own responsibility. The authorities upon which the plaintiff relies, will, upon examination, be found to harmonize with these general principles. The first case cited is that of Mayhew v. Crickett, (2 Swanst. 185.) In that case, the defendants held a warrant of attorney to confess judgment, executed by one Batteley, to secure the balance of his account to them, as bankers. Mayhew and one Gent, had also, each of them, signed a promissory note with Batteley, to secure the same indebtedness. The defendants had entered up judgment on the warrant of attorney, and had taken the goods of the principal debtor in execution, and had, afterwards, withdrawn their execution. They then sued Mayhew upon the note signed by him as surety. He filed his bill in chancery to stay the proceedings at law, and to be relieved from his liability as surety. Upon a motion to dissolve the injunction which had been granted, Lord Eldon said he had always understood, that if a creditor takes out execution *458 against the principal debtor, and waives it, he discharges the surety, on an obvious principle which prevails both in courts of law and courts of equity. The principle is, that he is a trustee of the execution, for all parties interested. Here, it will be perceived, there was something more than mere negligence on the part of the creditors. They had, by taking the goods of the principal debtor in execution, acquired a lien upon them. That lien was a security, not only for their debt but for the surety’s indemnity. Good faith towards the surety required that they should not relinquish the security, thus acquired, without his consent, and having done so, the case is brought within the principle which discharges a surety, when the creditor has knowingly done any thing which deprives him of the benefit of the security held by the creditor. It was a violation of the trust which resulted from the relation in which the creditors stood to the surety. The case of Capel v. Butler, (2 Sim. & S. 457,) I think, within the same principle. There one White had agreed to sell to Butler an annuity. To secure the payment of the annuity various securities were given, and among other things, White executed an assignment of two vessels to one Pruen, in trust for that purpose. The payment of the annuity was further secured by the bond of White and the plaintiff, as his surety. It was one of the conditions of the bond, that, after the expiration of two years White should be at liberty, upon certain terms, to repurchase the annuity. The transfer of the vessels was not perfected according to the forms prescribed by the registry acts, and, taking advantage of this omission, White had sold the vessels and applied the proceeds to his own use. The annuity being in arrear, Butler brought an action upon the bond. Capel, the surety, filed his bill to restrain the action, and claimed the right to repurchase the annuity according to the terms stipulated in the condition of the bond, and to have the value of the vessels deducted from the amount which he would otherwise have been required to pay upon such repurchase. The vice chancellor was of opinion that the plaintiff, as surety, was entitled to take advantage of the proviso for re *459 demption, and that the value of the two vessels being lost to him by the neglect of the defendant Butler, he was entitled to deduct that value from the stipulated price of redemption. It appeared, by the recitals of the bond, that the plaintiff had become surety on the faith of the vessels being effectually assigned as a security for the annuity. For the defendant to omit an act necessary to render the assignment effectual, was equivalent to a surrender of the security to the principal debtor. It was like the case of a creditor taking a mortgage upon personal property and omitting to file it, or the omission of the creditor to protest a note held by him as collateral security, so as to charge the indorser. In these and similar cases a surety, whose means of indemnity had been impaired by the neglect of the creditor to do what was necessary to protect the security, might well insist upon his right to be discharged, to the extent of the loss sustained by reason of such neglect. If, for example, in the case under consideration, the mortgaged premises had been sold upon the foreclosure of the prior mortgage, the defendant would have been bound to take the necessary measures to secure the surplus moneys arising from the sale. Common justice would have required him to do this. The omission to do it, would have furnished strong ground upon which the plaintiff might claim to be discharged from his liability. Such cases of negligence, however, differ very widely, in principle, from mere inactivity in the collection of a debt held as collateral security. It was well said by the court below, in noticing the case of Capel v. Butler, that “ the nature of the security required something to be done at once, by the creditor," to make it a valid security, and hence the law should, as it doubtless did, imply an agreement on his part, to perform that act without which the security was. invalid. An omission to do this, would be gross neglect in an agent, bailee, or trustee, and would be a breach of good faith on the part of the creditor towards the surety.” It is this kind of negligence, undoubtedly, to which Justice Story refers when he says, (Story’s Eq. § 326,) that if the creditor has any security from the debtor and by his gross negligence it is lost, that will operate, at least to the *460 value of the security, to discharge the surety.” In support of this position he refers to this case of Capel v. Butler, and Mayhew v. Crickett, together with Law v. The East India Co. (4 Vesey, 833.) In the latter case Law had signed a bond with one Tierney, who had been appointed to the office of military paymaster to the East India Company. The penalty of the bond was sicca rupees 100,000, conditioned for his duly accounting. Upon the death of Tierney, his accounts were stated, and a balance of sicca rupees 50,548 was found in his favor, which was paid to his administrator. Subsequently it was ascertained that Tierney -was in fact indebted to the company to an amount exceeding the penalty of the bond. It was held that to the extent of the amount paid to the estate of Tierney, the surety was discharged. The mere statement of the case is sufficient to show that it is not an authority for granting the relief sought in this case. Two other cases were relied upon by the plaintiff’s counsel,to sustain the position that the defendant was bound to diligence in the collection of the bond and mortgage. These cases are Ex parte Mure, (2 Cox, 63,) and Williams v. Price, (1 Sim. & Stuart, 581.) Neither of these cases involved the relation of principal and surety. In Ex parte Mure, a debtor, holding a bond and warrant of attorney from his debtor, assigned them absolutely to his creditor towards satisfaction of his debt, making his creditor his attorney, and granting him all necessary powers to collect the debt. The creditor omitted to enter up judgment on the warrant of attorney for five months, in consequence of which the debt was lost. The lord chancellor said, “I am of opinion that whoever takes a bond in the manner this was taken, makes it his own to the effect of binding himself to make it available as far as he can by ordinary diligence. Generally speaking, that which would be negligence in one employed to make the bond available, must be so in one who has taken upon himself to make it applicable in payment of the debt of the assignor, and who is invested with complete authority for that purpose.” Again he says, “ The case of sureties, *461 being co-obligors on a bond, differs materially from this: for there, it would most certainly belong to the sureties to make application to the creditor to sue. There would be no pretence of equity, if the sureties were to lie by. But here, the assignee was in all respects the master of the bond.” Williams v. Price, is very similar, in its principal features, to that of Ex parte Mure, and was decided upon the authority of that case. There, a judgment was assigned by a debtor to his creditor as security for his demand. The vice chancellor said, “ In referring it to the master to take an account of what the defendant has received, or might have received, without his wilful default or neglect, in respect of the judgment assigned to him, I am, in truth, following the authority of Ex parte Mure, without thinking it necessary, for the purposes of this case, to adopt all the principles which are there stated.” The plaintiff’s counsel, in arguing that case, relied upon distinguishing it from the case of a surety. “ In a case like the present,” said Mr. Sugden, “ where a debtor assigns to his creditor a debt due to him from a third person, it is not necessary, in order to discharge the assignor, to prove such a giving of time by the assignee to the debtor, as is required for the purpose of discharging a surety in a suit between him and the creditor. There, it is necessary to show that the creditor has actually tied himself up from suing. Here, it is only necessary to prove a general course of forbearance on the part of the assignee, during which the circumstances of the debtor have been failing, and the debt is ultimately lost.” I have thus noticed, in detail, all the cases cited by the plaintiff’s counsel to show that upon the facts presented in this case, the plaintiff should he relieved from the payment of the judgment against him, and have examined the principles upon which those cases were decided, that it might be apparent that, in no single instance, has it ever been held that the mere passiveness of the creditor, in the collection of his debt, either of the principal debtor or from collateral securities held by him, is sufficient ground for discharging the surety from his liability. No rule is more uniformly recognized than that mere indulgence, at the *462 will of the creditor, however long, or whatever may be the consequences, will not operate to discharge the surety. I think it may safely be added, that this rule is equally applicable, whether the indulgence is extended towards the principal debtor, or towards a third person, liable to the creditor upon a collateral security. The criterion by which to determine in any and every case, whether a creditor has done, or omitted to do, any thing which will have the effect to exonerate the surety, is stated, as I think, with perfect accuracy by Judge Story, as follows: “ If a creditor does any act injurious to the surety, or inconsisten with his rights; or. if he omits to do any act, when required by the surety, which his duty enjoins him to do, and the omission proves injurious to the surety; in all such cases the latter will be discharged, and he may set up such conduct as a defence to any suit brought against him, if not at law, at all events in equity.” (1 Story’s Eq. § 325.) After a very diligent examination of the authorities bearing upon the question, -I feel great confidence in asserting that a surety has in no case been held to be discharged by the act, or omission of the creditor, where such act or omission has not been within the terms of this rule. Can it be pretended that the plaintiff’s case is within either of the predicaments here stated ? It is not pretended that the defendant has done any affirmative act, which has been either injurious to the plaintiff or inconsistent with his rights. Nor is it pretended that the defendant has omitted to doany thing which the surety had requested him to do. The case made by the plaintiff is one of mere voluntary forbearance and delay on the part of the creditor, without any agreement or obligation for such forbearance or delay, which forbearance, as I have assumed for the purpose of the discussion, has resulted in an injury to the surety. There never has been a moment when, if the plaintiff had seen fit to discharge his own obligation to the defendant, by paying the amount of his debt, he might not have received the collateral security in question, free from any stipulation or obstruction, which had been interposed by the defendant to prevent the utmost promptness in its collection. There never has been a time when the defendant has not been in a situation to *463 proceed at once, upon the plaintiff’s request, to enforce the collection of the collateral security. He has at all times been at liberty to terminate, at pleasure, his forbearance. Under these circumstances, can it be said that the defendant has been guilty of any greater laches or neglect than the plaintiff himself? And if not, shall a court of equity be called into activity to relieve the plaintiff from the consequences of his own default? I am persuaded there is no principle of equity which goes so far. To me there seems to be nothing in the case which, upon the most liberal application of the most favorable decisions, would entitle the plaintiff to a discharge from the payment of the judgment against him. I am of opinion, therefore, that the case was properly decided in the court below. The other members of the court, without passing upon the question whether the defence was available in the action at law, if any where, concurred in the opinion that the facts did not constitute a ground of relief in equity. Decree affirmed.