Goodrich v. . Russell

Grover, J. By the common law, an alien, acquiring land, by purchase, obtains a good title thereto, as against all but the State, and defeasible by 'the latter only by legal proceedings, instituted for the purpose of vesting title to such land in the State on the ground of the alienism of such purchaser. (2 Kent’s Com., 54; Bac. Abr., Tit. Alien; Jackson v. Adams, 7 Wend., 368; Wadsworth v. Wadsworth, 12 N. Y., 376.) But, upon the death of the alien purchaser, the title of the State is at once perfect by escheat, without any proceedings whatever. (See authorities above cited.) The residence of the alien made no difference in either ease. This w;as the Undoubted law of this State until modified and changed by statute. An examination of the statutes passed upon this sul> ject will show that these changes have been frequent, but none of them affect the present case except that passed April 30th, 1845, 4th Gen. Statutes, 300. It is provided by the first section of that act, that any alien resident of this State, who has heretofore purchased and taken or might thereafter purchase and take a conveyance of any lands ór real estate within this State, or to whom any lands or. real estate has been or may hereafter be devised, before making and filing in the office of the Secretary of State the deposition or affirmation in writing specified in section 15 of title 1, chapter 1, of the second part of Revised Statutes, may, on making and filing such deposition or affirmation, hold the real estate granted, &c., to such alien in the same manner and with like effect as if such alien at the time of such grant or conveyance were a citizen. Section two makes the wife of an alien who has *182 acquired title to real estate, by grant or devise, dowable therein, although such wife be an alien. Section three makes the alien wife of a citizen dowable, the same as if a citizen. Section four provides, that if any alien resident of this State, who has purchased and taken, or shall thereafter purchase and take, a conveyance of real estate within this State, has died or shall thereafter die, leaving persons who, according to the statutes of this State, would answer the description of heirs of such deceased alien, such persons, so answering the description of heirs to such deceased alien, whether they are citizens or aliens, are hereby declared and made capable of taking and ■ holding, and may take and hold as heirs of such deceased alien, as if they were citizens of the United States, the lands and real estate owned and held by such alien at his death, in like manner, and with the effect as if such alien at his death were a citizen; but, if any of the persons answering the description of heirs to such alien are • males of full age, they shall not hold the real estate thereby made descendible to them, as against the State, unless they are citizens of the United States; or in case they are aliens, unless . they make and file in the office of the Secretary of State the deposition or affirmation mentioned in the first section. It will be seen that this section gives to a resident alien who takes title by grant of real estate the same power of transmitting such title by descent as a citizen. It is insisted by the counsel for the respondent that the term resident alien, in the fourth section, includes such aliens only as are not only resident, but who have filed in the office of the Secretary of State the deposition or affirmation specified in the first section of the act; and that Marsden, the mortgagor, never having filed such affirmation or deposition, does not come within the provisions of section four, making the title acquired by him by grant descendible to his heirs, and that therefore the title to the real estate in question vested at once in the State, upon his death, by escheat. This position cannot be sustained. An examination of the various provisions of the act shows that, ■ not only in the first, but also in the fourth section, the filing *183 of. the deposition or affirmation^ in certain cases is made expressly requisite to the validity of the title. Any such requisite is omitted in that part of section four conferring upon the blood of the alien owner of real estate by grant an inheritable quality in respect to such estate; nor is there anything in the act" showing that the legislature had any intention to make any such act a requisite. Indeed, expressly requiring it in certain cases and omitting all reference to it in others, furnishes a strong argument showing that it was not considered necessary in the latter class of cases. It follows that the title to the real estate in question did not vest in the State upqn the death of Marsden, by escheat, if he left any heirs competent as such to take the title. That he left such heirs appears from the facts admitted in the case. Consequently, Wickes did not acquire title to the land by virtue of the act of the legislature passed in April, 1867, releasing to him the estate acquired by the people by escheat, for the plain reason that the people had not acquired such title. It is necessary, therefore, to determine who are the heirs of Marsden, the mortgagor. It appears from the facts admitted, that Marsden left him surviving three children, two sons and a daughter, all of full age at the time of his death, and all aliens, residents in and subjects of Great Britain, none of whom ever resided in the United States or filed the deposition or affirmation, specified in the first section, in the office of the Secretary of State. That he also left him surviving collateral kindred, who were residents and citizens of the United States. The question is, which of these classes were the heirs of Marsden? If his children, the title of the respondent is valid. If the collateral kindred, he has no title at all. The statute of descents makes lineal descendants, if any, heirs to the exclusion of all others. The children of Marsden are, therefore, his heirs, if competent to .take as such. If not so competent, the collateral kindred are his heirs, he not having left any kindred other than his child ren, entitled to take prior to them. It is clear that the children are not incompetent on the ground of being aliens, *184 for they answer the description of heirs according to the statutes of the State; and the fourth section expressly provides that such-persons, whether citizens'or aliens, may take and hold" as such. But, it' is' insisted by the counsel for the appellant, they are'only competent so to take and hold in case they are residents. The counsel insists that this construction should be'put upon the clause under consideration, to render it harmonious with previous legislation upon the subject. It is true" that statutes relating to the- same subject" are to be construed' together; but this rulé does not go' to the extent of controlling-the language of subsequent statutes by any supposed policy of previous ones. -It is manifest that the policy of the act. of- 1845 is much- more liberal to aliens than that of previous' statutes; and whether this increased-liberality is to be confined-to resident aliens,, or, in certain cases, includes those-non-resident, must be determined by the language used' in, and the apparent intention of the act itself, rather than an inquiry into the policy of former statutes. The fact that in. "Hie' earlier statute's relief to aliens was, for the most part, extended to' those only who were resident, has but little weight in determining the question now under consideration. - The cotmsel further insists, that it appears' from the title of the tint that the intention of the- legislature was to limit its provisions to resident aliens. The title is: An act to enable resident aliens to hold and convey real estate, and for other purposes. This' is no indication of a purpose to limit such aliens as were made competent to' take and hold as heirs to Sttch as were resident. These must be ascertained by the language of the act. Besides, the character of every act must be determined by its provisions, irrespective of the title. (The People v. McCann, 16 N. Y., 58.) The counsel further insists, that the limitation upon the right of persons who are aliens, answering the description of heirs, who are males above the age of twenty-one years, to hold the real estate by the act' made descendible to them, as against the State, unless they make and file the deposition or affirmation mentioned in the first section of the act, shows that resident aliens alone are intended. It *185 is true that none but residents can make the deposition or affirmation. "But the language of the statute is, that such aliens shall not hold such real estate, as against the State, without making-such deposition or affirmation. The statute, in the absence of such limitation, would have conferred upon such aliens a good title as against every one, the State included. The limitation applies to the right of the State only. This shows that the title acquired is good as against all, except the State, without filing- the deposition or affirmation. This view is confirmed by section 10 of the act. In case the person entitled as heir was an alien male non-resident, and above the age of twenty-one years at the time of the descent of the land to him, lie could, thereafter, under the provisions of this section, perfect his title as against the State by filing the deposition, &c., as therein specified. There can be no doubt that alien wives are dowable under sections 2 and 3 of the act, irrespective of their residence. This shows that the act designed to confer rights, to some extent, at least, upon non-resident aliens. Again, had it been the intention to enable resident aliens only to take by descent under the act, that intention would have been expressed, as in other cases where such was the design. My conclusion is, that upon the death of Marsden, the daughter took one-third of the real estate by descent, and that the two sons took each' one-third in like manner, the title of the latter being defeasible by the State, unless,, before the consummation of the proceedings instituted for that purpose, the sons filed the deposition, &c., as specified in section 10 of the act. This title of the children was acquired by Wickes by their conveyance to him. The only remaining inquiry is, whether this title was perfected in Wickes by the act of April 5th, 1867. This act, in addition to releasing all the title to the land in question, acquired by the State by escheat, to Wickes, refers to the deed of the same to him from the three children of Marsden; and provides, further, that said deed should be confirmed and legalized, as though such children had been citizens of the United States at the time of its execution. This precludes the State from ever thereafter *186 questioning the title of Wickes, upon the ground of any right to the land founded upon the fact that these grantors were aliens. The title which was before defeasible, unless the deposition, &c.,( was filed, became, by virtue of the act, valid as against the State. It follows that, from the facts, the respondent had a good title. I do not see why he should not have been required to give a full covenant deed to the appellant, instead of covenanting merely against his own acts. Had a modification of the judgment been asked for in this respect, I think it should have been granted; but, as it is not asked for, there may be some reason therefor, not apparent to me. The judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs. All concur for affirmance, except Ing-alls, J., who did not vote. Judgment affirmed.