In Re the United States for the Appointment of Commissioners

*233 Danfobth, J. This is an appeal from an order of t'he General Term of the Supreme Court, in the first judicial department, March 28, 1884, affirming an order of Special Term, which denied a motion made by certain property-owners to vacate several orders by which commissioners of estimate and assessment were appointed to carry into effect an act entitled “ An act granting to the United States the right to acquire the right of way necessary for the improvement of the Harlem river and Spuyten Day vil creek, and for the construction of another channel from the North river to the East river through the Harlem kills, and ceding jurisdiction over the same.” (Laws of 1876, chap. 147, as amended by chap. 345 of the Laws of 1879.) The orders complained of were made in the course of proceedings instituted by the United States through petition dated October 8,1879, addressed to the Supreme Court of this State, setting forth a desire to acquire certain described lands as necessary for the construction and use of the improvement, and other allegations required by the provisions of the statute relating thereto. (Laws of 1876, chap. 147, § 2.) The appellants have a standing in court as persons whose lands are affected by those proceedings, and in their behalf the point is made that the acts in question are unconstitutional and void because, First. “ The right of eminent domain cannot be exercised by one sovereignty for the uses of another,” and, therefore, “ the State cannot condemn lands for the use of the general government.” Second. Because they are designed to take private property without making just compensation. Thvrd. Because the title of the act offends article 3, section 16 of the Constitution, which provides that no local or private bill shall contain more than one subject and requires that subject to be embraced in the title. (1.) While the Federal government, as an independent sovereignty, has the power of condemning land within the States for its own public use (Cooley’s Const. Law [5th ed.], *234 525; Kohl v. U. S., 91 U. S. 367), we see no reason to doubt that it may lay aside its sovereignty, and, as a petitioner, enter the State courts and there accomplish the same end through proceedings authorized by the State legislature. If the State may delegate its power to a private corporation of another State, for the benefit of a canal located within its borders, as was held by this court in the Matter of Peter Townsend (39 N. Y. 171), so it may to an independent political corporation where the use is public and the convenience shared 'by its own citizens. (Gilmer v. Lime Point, 18 Cal. 229 ; Burt v. Merchants’ Insurance Co., 106 Mass. 356.) That the use for which the land is sought is a public one, has not only been determined by the legislature (Laws of 1876, supra, § 6; Laws of 1880, chap. 65, § 5, as amended by § 1, chap. 214 of the Laws of 1883), but is also apparent. The river and the creek,, are within the State; in each the tide ebbs and flows ; the improvement is beneficial, therefore, not only for the purposes of the general government in its control over navigable tide waters, but will also provide for our own citizens through an unobstructed water-way, means of easy transportation and communication between the North and East rivers. Therefore, whether we regard the principle which controls the exercise of eminent domain or the Constitutions of the Federal and State governments, there would seem to be no reason why the State should not accept the aid offered by the United States in carrying on a public work in which both' are interested. The State by its governor might take possession of the necessary lands under the authority- of the legislature, and by purchase or through proceedings in the courts deprive the owner of his title. (Code, § 2104.) So might the United States. (Code, § 2119.) It would be very singular if that which either party might do could not with equal propriety be accomplished by both. But in face of all this the learned counsel for the appellant argues that the statutes before us (Laws of 1876 and of 1879, supra) are not within the sphere of State powers, and in support of that contention cites Trombley v. Humphrey (23 Mich. 481). *235 In that case, however, the United States was not a promoter, and the damages, when assessed, were to be paid from the State treasury. It was held the State could not condemn lands for the use of the United States, or assess the compensation it should pay; that such appropriation and assessment must, therefore, be provisional and subject to its acceptance and ratification, and so the court refused to grant to the land-owners a mwidamus to compel the State treasurer to pay the sum awarded. This feature seems to distinguish it from the case before us, for here the United States is an actor — is itself moving to condemn the property in question, and has actually appropriated money toward the desired improvement. (U. S. Statutes, vol. 50, pages 158, 372 ; U. S. Statute of 1874, chap. 457 ; of 1875, chap. 134; of 1878, chap. 264; of 1879, chap. 101.) In that the State undertook to act, not for its own ends, but in order to turn the land, when taken, over to the United States for light-house purposes, provided the Federal government would receive it, “ so that,” as the learned commentator, who, as judge, took part in the decision, says : “ The aid of the court was invoked, not to enable the United States to obtain lands it wanted, but to compel the State to pay for lands for the United States, which were not wanted.” (Cooley on Const. Law [3d ed.], note to page 526.) The effect of the decision was that the State could not condemn land for the use of the United States so as to bind the Federal government to make compensation. In the case before us, the legislature provides a method of compensation to the land-owners, independent of any action by the Federal government in respect thereto. Kohl v. The United States (supra) is also cited by the appellants. That case decides that the United States may exercise within the States the power of a sovereign and condemn land for its own use by proceedings in its own courts, and it is not compelled to resort to State courts. Neither proposition is in issue here. That case does not hold that the Federal government cannot, if it chooses, go into State courts to secure the same end. Darlington v. United States (82 Penn. St. *236 382) is also insisted upon by the appellants. The decision turned upon the construction of two statutes — one of the United States, the other of the State. The validity of both was assumed. By the first, Congress (17 U. S. Statutes at Large, 621) authorized the secretary of the treasury to acquire by purchase, or if necessary by condemnation, “ a suitable piece of ground in the city of Pittsburgh for the erection of a courthouse ” ahd other governmeiit offices. By the other statute the State consented to such acquisition, and provided that if condemnation was resorted to, the laws of the State, applicable to such pi’oceedings, should govern, but provided that the United States might pay the costs and refuse to take the land, if, in its judgment, the compensation assessed therefor was excessive. Under this act a petition was presented to the State court by the United States through its attorney, in which these statutes wei’e set forth, and also that three pieces of land had already been condemned, and a fourth was wanted, “ with a view of selecting one of them.” The court held upon appeal by its owner that proceedings for condemning the fourth site were not authorized by the act, and that in other respects the petition was insufficient. For this í-eason, and not for want of jurisdiction in the State courts, or capacity in the suitor, all pi’oceedings subsequent to the filing of the petition were set aside. These cases (Trombley v. Humphrey, Kohl v. United States and Darlington v. United States, supra) do not aid the appellants, while Gilmer v. Lime Point (supra) and Burt v. Merchants' Ins. Co. (supra) are'opposed to their contention. In both, proceedings for the condemnation of lands on the application of the United States were entertained by the State courts. Under the first, premises were condemned for a fortification ; under the second, for a post-office. They accord with the views expressed by this court in the Townsend Case (supra), are not opposed to those of Kohl v. United States (supra), and contain, we think, a coi’rect exposition of the law. If lands may be taken for the use of the people of the United States, it cannot prejudice the proceedings for that purpose *237 that they are instituted by consent of the legislature of the State, in which they lie, and in a way prescribed by it, made to conform to the regulations of its courts. If or was the action of the legislature in this case "without a precedent. By the Laws of 1847 (Chap. 196), the State consented to the purchase, by the United States, of lands for the purpose of erecting a light-house, and provided that if the title could not be so acquired, the land might be taken and damages assessed by inquisition from the State court, in like manner as if it had been taken by the State for the use of the people of the State. That contingency arose. Upon an application by the United States to our State court for a writ ad quod damnum,, to assess the owner’s damages, it was objected in his behalf among other things, “ that it was not competent for the State to assign to the United States, its eminent domain for any purpose foreign to the use of the State,” but the contention did not prevail, and the writ issued. (United States v. Dumplin, Island, 1 Barb. 24.) General provision for such cases was also made by the statute (2 B. S., p. 111, chap. 14, art. 4), which provided for assessment of the owners’ damages whenever lands were taken for the use of the United States by consent of the legislature of this State. A similar clause is also contained in our present statute (Code, § 2119). The one before us is equally within the power of the legislature to enact, and is designed for cases, and to remove difficulties which the other did not provide for. The same principle, however, governs both. (2.) The fundamental doctrine of course is that private property cannot be taken for public purposes without just compensation, but this need not be given in all cases concurrently in point of time with the actual exercise of the right of eminent domain. It is enough if an adequate and certain remedy is provided whereby the owner of such property may compel payment of his damages. (Bloodgood v. M. & H. Railroad Co., 18 Wend. 9 ; Lyon v. Jerome, 26 id. 485 ; People, ex rel. Utley, v. Hayden, 6 Hill, 359; Rexford v. Knight, 11 N. Y. 308.) This means reasonable legal certainty. (Chapman v. Gates, 54 N. Y. 146; Sage v. City of Brooklyn, 89 id. *238 189.) Have the acts under which these proceedings are justified, omitted to make such provision ? The answer to this question depends upon the law as it existed when the motion was denied. That was on the 1st day of February, 1884: No land had then been taken, and the proceedings to that end were inchoate. By the act of 1876 (Chap. 147, § 4), it is made the duty of the commissioners to ascertain and determine the compensation which ought justly to be made to those owning or interested in the real estate appraised; and section 5 provides for a hearing of their report by the court, upon notice to the parties interested, and an order, if it be confirmed, directing to whom the money is to be paid, hut I do not find in it any provision indicating how the money is to be raised. By the amendment of 1879 (Chap. 345, § 5), however, the commissioners are directed not only to ascertain the compensation to be made, but also, “the amount to be assessed upon the real estate benefited by the improvements,” and “ establish the area of real estate upon which the amount necessary to pay the awards and expenses of such proceedings shall be assessed by them; ” section 6 of the same act so amends section 5 of the act of 1876, as to provide for the collection of the assessment and payment of the awards to those entitled thereto, and a report to the court for such action as to it shall seem meet. It is only after these things are done that the United States can take possession of the property, or the owners be divested of their rights. In 1880 the act of 1876 was further amended (Laws of 1880, chap. 65), and in 1881 the last act was also amended (Chap. 61 of the Laws of 1881), and the comptroller of the city of New York authorized to raise on the assessment bonds of the city the sum of $50,000, or so much as might be necessary to make up any deficiency in collection of the sums assessed under the statutes relating to this improvement, and from the proceeds of the collections and these bonds pay all sums which had been awarded to persons interested in lands taken for it. Further amendments were made in 1883 (Laws of 1883, chap. 214), and the comptroller of the city of New York was *239 authorized to raise upon the assessment bonds of the city of New York a sum not exceeding $200,000, and to pay there'from the several sums awarded to the owners or parties interested in the lands taken or to be taken for the purposes of said improvement, and declared that this being done the United States should be entitled to enter upon, take possession, and use the lands and premises for the purposes of the improvement, and all persons who had been made parties to the proceeding should then be divested and barred of all right and interest in the same. This is quite sufficient. The statute not only provides for raising the necessary money, but for payment of it to those interested before they can be required to part with their property. Its payment is made a condition precedent. If any doubt existed as to the force and effect of prior statutes relating to this matter (Laws of 1876, chap. 147; of 1879, chap. 345; of 1880, chap. 65; of 1881, chap. 61; of 1882, chaps. 377, 410) it is removed by the one cited (Laws of 1883, supra), and by which they are amended. Up to the time of the passage of that act no person was aggrieved, no land had been taken, and so far as appears no one complained of any wrong. However defective the original act might be in respect to the method of compensation, the defect might be waived by persons interested (In re Application of Cooper to acquire Lands, 93 N. Y. 507), or rights of land-owners relinquished by their consent. Until their property was interfered with there could be no ground of complaint, and, if at that time compensation was provided for, the ground would be taken away. So far as the question, now before us is concerned, it in no degree affected the legality of proceedings under the statutes for the appointment of commissioners, or their proceedings. By none of them could any constitutional right be impaired. (3.) I have already set out the title of the act of 1876. It is not fairly open to the objection urged against it. The subject is well expressed: “ The right to acquire the right of way necessary for the improvement of the Harlem river and *240 Spuyten Duyvil creek, and ceding jurisdiction over the same.” The act itself is limited to matters which relate to that subject, or which are implied in it, and are necessary to make it effectual—the acquisition of lands, by purchase or compulsory proceedings, the manner of payment, and the mode of acquiring means therefor. All these are incidental to or parts of the principal matter, and are material to the accomplishment of the general purpose. This is sufficient. (Brewster v. City of Syracuse, 19 N. Y. 117; In re Mayer, 50 id. 504; Neuendorff v. Duryea, 69 id. 557; In re Department of Public Parks, 86 id. 437.) Some other objections to the validity of the statutes are made by the learned counsel for the appellants. They assume that the indebtedness created by the city of Hew York under the bonds issued will be for other than its own purposes. The whole argument of the judges in Townsend?s Case {sufra) is to the contrary, and applies here. In that case an artificial canal was deemed a proper object for the exercise of the right of eminent domain, because it increased the means of intercommunication, and thus became of interest to every business man and owner of property in that city, so the improvement now in question will, if carried out, render useful a continuous navigable stream within its own borders, thereby adding to its producing power, and the value of all land within those limits. Ho other portion of the appellant’s argument requires notice. It discloses no error in the order appealed from, and it should, therefore, be affirmed. All concur. Order affirmed.