American Guarantee & Liability Insurance v. Anco Insulations, Inc.

REAVLEY, Circuit Judge: American Guarantee & Liability Insurance Co. and Zurich American Insurance Co. (collectively “Zurich”) 1 and Royal Indemnity Company (“Royal”) appeal the district court’s decision to stay their suit for declaratory relief and restitution against Anco Insulations, Inc. (“Anco”) pending the outcome of a state proceeding involving Zurich and Anco which encompasses some common issues. Zurich also asks this court to rule on its motion for partial summary judgment which was pending in the district court at the time it issued its stay order. We vacate the stay order and remand. The district court’s jurisdiction was premised on diversity. 2 Although the stay order did not terminate • federal proceedings, it is appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 as a collateral order if it conclusively determined a disputed question which is separate from the merits and which cannot be reviewed on appeal from a final judgment. 3 By granting the stay, the district court surrendered determination of issues common to the federal and state suits to the state court — the state court’s resolution of those issues will have preclusive effect in the federal court once the stay is lifted. The stay is therefore an important issue separate from the merits, because it amounts to “a refusal to adjudicate the merits” of the common issues. 4 The pre-clusive effect of the state court’s decision will also foreclose federal review of the common issues. 5 And because there is no indication that the district court intends to revisit its decision to stay the case, the stay order is a conclusive determination. 6 Thus, the order is within this court’s jurisdiction as an appealable collateral order. We review a district court’s decision to stay a federal suit pending the outcome of state proceedings for abuse of discretion and any legal interpretation underpinning that decision de novo. 7 One of two standards governs the propriety of a decision to stay based on considerations of wise judicial administration, depending on whether the federal suit is purely declaratory or seeks other relief. 8 If the federal suit seeks only a declaration of rights, the district court’s discretion to stay or dismiss the suit is governed by a standard derived from Brillhart v. Excess Insurance Co. of America, 316 U.S. 491, 62 S.Ct. 1173, 86 L.Ed. 1620 (1942). 9 If the suit involves a *251 request for monetary or other relief, the district court’s discretion to stay is “narrowly circumscribed” by its obligation to hear cases within its jurisdiction, even if declaratory relief is also requested, and the propriety of a stay is governed by the “exceptional circumstances” standard of Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States, 424 U.S. 800, 817-19, 96 S.Ct. 1236, 47 L.Ed.2d 483 (1976). 10 Colorado River discretion to stay is available only where the state and federal proceedings are parallel — i.e., where the two suits involve the same parties and the same issues. 11 It is unclear whether the district court followed the Colorado River standard in deciding to enter .the stay or believed that the Brillhart standard applied. The court had previously denied Aneo’s request that the court dismiss the case pursuant to Bwrford or Colorado River abstention, but it is unclear whether it had Brillhart or Colorado River in mind in staying the case. 12 The court may have believed that it had greater discretion to stay under Colorado River than it had to dismiss. 13 However, the Supreme Court has held that the exceptional circumstances test applies regardless of whether the district court dismisses or merely stays a case. 14 We conclude that, regardless of whether the district court applied the Brillhart or Colorado River standard, its grant of the stay was an abuse of discretion. Here, Zurich seeks both a declaration of its rights and liabilities under insurance policies issued to Anco as well as restitution for amounts it paid to defend or indemnify Anco that it alleges exceeded the policies’ limits. The district court’s discretion to stay based only on concerns of wise judicial administration was therefore governed by the Colorado River standard, and application of the Brillhart standard was inappropriate. 15 In addition, as *252 the court noted in denying Anco’s request for dismissal, the federal and state proceedings are not parallel. 16 While the two suits share some issues between Zurich and Anco, Royal is not a party to the state suit. In addition, the state action does not encompass Zurich’s claim for restitution. The court thus lacked discretion under Colorado River to stay in favor of the state suit. In sum, the district court’s stay of Zurich’s federal suit in favor of a non-parallel pending state suit was an abuse of discretion. We therefore VACATE the stay order and REMAND the case for further proceedings. 17 Footnotes [1] American Guarantee & Liability Insurance Co. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Zurich American Insurance Co. [2] 28 U.S.C. § 1332. [3] Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 468, 98 S.Ct. 2454, 57 L.Ed.2d 351 (1978). [4] Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 12, 103 S.Ct. 927, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983). [5] Id. [6] Id. at 12-13, 103 S.Ct. 927. [7] Black Sea Inv., Ltd. v. United Heritage Corp., 204 F.3d 647, 649-50 (5th Cir.2000). [8] Southwind Aviation, Inc. v. Bergen Aviation, Inc., 23 F.3d 948, 950 (5th Cir.1994). [9] Id.; see Wilton v. Seven Falls Co., 515 U.S. 277, 289-90, 115 S.Ct. 2137, 132 L.Ed.2d 214 (1995) (holding that Brillhart governs the propriety of a district court’s decision to stay a declaratory judgment action); Sherwin-Williams Co. v. Holmes County, 343 F.3d 383, *251 389-392 (5th Cir.2003) (discussing multi-factor analysis governing a district court’s decisions about the propriety of hearing a declaratory judgment action developed following Brillhart in St. Paul Ins. Co. v. Trejo, 39 F.3d 585 (5th Cir.1994)). [10] Southwind, 23 F.3d at 951; see also Diamond Offshore Co. v. A & B Builders, Inc., 302 F.3d 531, 538-41 (5th Cir.2002) (citing Colo. River, 424 U.S. at 817, 96 S.Ct. 1236, and Quackenbush v. Allstate Ins. Co., 517 U.S. 706, 716, 116 S.Ct. 1712, 135 L.Ed.2d 1 (1996)); Black Sea, 204 F.3d at 652. [11] Diamond Offshore, 302 F.3d at 540. If the proceedings are parallel, the court must engage in a multi-factor analysis to determine whether exceptional circumstances support deference to the state court. Moses H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 15-16, 103 S.Ct. 927; Black Sea, 204 F.3d at 650. Those factors include: (1) either court's assumption of jurisdiction over a res; (2) the relative convenience of the fora; (3) avoidance of piecemeal litigation; (4) the order in which jurisdiction was obtained in the fora; (5) whether and to what extent federal law governs the case; and (6) the adequacy of the state proceeding. Id. [12] Dist. Ct. Order of May 18, 2004 at 4 ("All things considered, the court finds, based on concerns of fairness and efficiency, that this case should be stayed during the pendency of the [state] litigation. While that litigation may not resolve all issues in this matter, it will certainly resolve many of them and will certainly avoid conflicting rulings.”). [13] Id. ("[D]ismissing [a] federal case pursuant to Colorado River abstention ... is very different from deciding whether to grant a motion to stay.”). [14] Moses H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 27-28, 103 S.Ct. 927. [15] Black Sea, 204 F.3d at 652; Dist. Ct. Order of May 18, 2004 at 4 (basing its decision on "concerns of fairness and efficiency”). Although Anco argues that Zurich’s restitution claim is merely ancillary to its declaratory relief claim, it has made no showing that the restitution claim is "frivolous or premature or otherwise wanting in equity,” and that the *252 case should thus be viewed as a solely declaratory action. See id. As we stated in Black Sea, it is immaterial that the restitution claim may be ancillary to the declaratory claim— the only potential exception to the applicability of the exceptional circumstances standard in cases requesting both declaratory and other relief exists "when a party's request for [other] relief is either frivolous or is made solely to avoid application of the Brillhart standard." Id.; see also Diamond Offshore, 302 F.3d at 539 n. 5. [16] Dist. Ct. Order of July 10, 2003 at 9 (stating that the federal action is "clearly different from the state court tort action. Each case involves different parties, claims, and relevant dates and policy periods. Although ... there does exist some overlap between the two lawsuits, the proceedings in this court are far more encompassing. Further, Zurich seeks to determine its rights in this matter relative not only to its insured but to its insured’s other insurers for other policy periods. The proceedings are not parallel and thus abstention based on Colorado River is inappropriate in this matter.”). [17] We decline to consider Zurich's motion for partial summary judgment. In Moses H. Cone, the Court approved of the Fourth Circuit's decision to rule on the construction company's motion to compel arbitration, even though the district court had not ruled on the motion before staying the case. Moses H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 29, 103 S.Ct. 927. However, the Court stated that "[o]rdinarily, we would not expect the Court of Appeals to pass on issues not decided by the District Court.” Id. The Court approved of the Fourth Circuit’s resolution of the issue only because of the special policy favoring quick resolution of motions to compel arbitration under the Arbitration Act. Id. No such special policy is involved in Zurich's motion for partial summary judgment. We therefore leave the motion for the district court to consider in the first instance. See id. at 36, 103 S.Ct. 927 (Rehnquist, J., dissenting) (stating that a federal court of appeals lacks authority to decide motions for summary judgment not passed on by the district court).