Hoffman v. . Kramer

Montgomery, J.: The defendants executed and delivered to M. Lindheim, a dealer in tobacco in New York City, three promissory notes of $242 each, payable at Durham, N. C., the purchase money for five packages of Havana tobacco to be delivered to the defendants upon their call. In the complaint it is alleged that Lind-heim sold to the plaintiffs the notes before maturity and for value. This action' is for the recovery of the amount due on the notes. The defendants set up among other defences two counter-claims — -one for the value of a broken package of tobacco belonging to the defendants and averred to have been wrongfully converted by the plaintiffs, and the other for the value of the tobacco constituting the consideration of the notes sued upon and averred to have been wrongfully converted by the plaintiffs. We will consider the exceptions to the rulings of his Honor in connection with the first counter-claim. It appeared from the testimony of both Lindheim and the defendants that after the execution of the notes, the defendants consigned to Lindheim, at New York, a package and also a broken package of domestic tobacco to be sold by him, the proceeds of which sale to be accounted for to them. Lindheim sold the whole package and accounted therefor to the defendants. Lind-heim and the plaintiff testified that Lindheim, before *569 either of the notes fell due, conveyed to the plaintiffs all of his stock and accounts as collateral security for what he might owe them. Under that conveyance or assignment, Lindheim testified that the plaintiffs took possession of the broken package of tobacco. The plaintiffs denied that statement of Lindheim. Upon that evidence his Honor instructed the jury as follows: “The burden is upon defendant to prove by a preponderance of evidence that the broken package of tobacco came into the possession of'the plaintiffs and without consideration, and if the jury believe that the plaintiffs took the broken package without consideration, then the defendants would he entitled to recover its value; but if the jury believe that the defendants put the broken package in the possession of Lindheim for sale, and to account to them for its proceeds, and Lindheim transferred the said tobacco to plaintiffs for a valuable consideration and plaintiffs had no knowledge or notice that said tobacco was held by Lindheim as agent of defendants, then the defendants cannot recover of plaintiffs its value or set off the same as a counter-claim- against the notes, but must look to Lindheim for its value.” There was error in that instruction. His Honor had already told the jury, in defining what is meant by a valuable consideration, that upon the sale by Lindheim of the notes and their put chase by the plaintiffs that an existing indebtedness of Lindheim to the plaintiffs was a valuable consideration, and that the title to the notes passed for that consideration; and the jury of course understood his Honor to mean from his former definition of what a valuable consideration in law was, that the transfer of the broken package of tobacco to the plaintiffs by Lindheim, for a debt which he owed the plaintiffs, was a valuable consideration and supported *570 the transfer of the tobacco for that purpose against the rights of the defendants as consignors. But a principal who consigns goods to an agent or factor to be sold, has a right to expect the proceeds of the sale to be returned to him. Where a factor sells the goods of his principal, he must keep that sale, so far as his principalis concerned, unconnected with his private affairs and not mix it up with his own interests to the injury of his principal. Guerreiro v. Peile, 5 E. C. R., 399. The same principle' is announced in Warner v. Martin, 52 U. S., 209, where it is said, “it has been supposed that the right of a factor to sell the merchandise of his principal to his own creditor, in payment of an antecedent debt, finds its sanction in the fact of the creditor’s belief that his debtor is the owner of the merchandise and his ignorance that it belongs to another; and if in the last, he has been deceived, that the person by whom the delinquent factor has been trusted shall be the loser. The principal does not cover the case. Where a contract is proposed between factors or between a factor and any other creditor to pass property for an antecedent debt, it is not a sale in the legal sense of that word, or in any sense in which it is used in reference to the commission which a factor has to sell. . . When such a transfer of property is made by a factor for his debt, it is a departure from the usage of trade known as well by the creditor as it is by the factor. It is more; it is the violation of all that a factor contracts to do with the property of his principal. ... It does not matter that the creditor may not know, when he takes the property, that the factor’s principal owns it; that he believes it to be the factor’s in good faith.” To the same effect are numerous authorities cited in the American & English Enc. of Law, Vol. 1, page 1174. *571 The same principle of law will apply with equal force where the factor conveys the property qf his principal to his own creditor by way of mortgage or pledge to secure a debt of his own. Warner v. Martin, supra. Prom what has been said by the Court, it is unnecessary to consider the other exceptions of the defendants. There must be a new trial, and the Court is not disposed in this case to make that new trial a partial one. New trial.