Harrill v. Railroad Co.

MONTGOMERY, J., dissenting. The plaintiff alleged that his intestate, Jake Metcalf, was, on and before April 20, 1901, employed by the defendant as a locomotive engineer, and was on said day engaged in running an engine carrying cars from Blacksburg, S.C., to Marion, N.C. That while so engaged he was killed by the falling of a bridge or trestle, being a part of defendant's track over Buffalo Creek in South Carolina. That said trestle was on said day, by reason of defendant's negligence, in a defective and dangerous condition and by reason thereof gave way and fell, causing the death of his intestate. Defendant denied that plaintiff's intestate was on the day named employed by or engaged for the defendant in pulling a train from the points named in the complaint. The defendant also denied the allegation of negligence, and averred that plaintiff's intestate assumed the risk of crossing the trestle and was *Page 430 guilty of contributory negligence. At the conclusion of the plaintiff's testimony defendant moved for judgment of nonsuit for that: 1. The plaintiff has failed to show that the defendant company, the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company of North Carolina, ran its train, built, or is required in law to maintain the trestle over Buffalo Creek in South Carolina, or that the plaintiff's intestate was employed by defendant company. 2. That there was no evidence of (603) negligence on the part of defendant. 3. That plaintiff's evidence demonstrated that his intestate was not without fault, and that he came to his death by his own negligence. The motion was refused and was renewed, upon the same grounds, at the conclusion of the entire testimony, and again refused and defendant excepted. The Court submitted the following issues to the jury: 1. "Was plaintiff's intestate employed and sent by defendant on April 20, 1901, as engineer for the purpose of running an engine and cars attached from Blacksburg, S.C., to Marion N.C. over Buffalo Creek trestle, as alleged in the complaint?" 2. "Was intestate killed by the wrongful act and negligence of defendant, as alleged?" 3. "Did intestate, by his own negligence, contribute to his death?" 4. "What damage, if any, is plaintiff entitled to recover?" The controversy in regard to the relation which the plaintiff's intestate bore to the defendant company is presented by the first ground assigned for the motion to nonsuit, and certain special prayers for instruction asked by defendant. An examination and settlement of this question lies at the threshold of the case. If the plaintiff has introduced no evidence to sustain the allegation that his intestate was in the employment of the defendant company, and that by the terms of such employment he was required to run his engine over and across Buffalo Creek on the day he was killed, the motion for nonsuit should have been allowed. the testimony in regard to the status of the defendant and its relation to the South Carolina corporation owning the railroad to the North Carolina line is certainly unsatisfactory. To correctly understand the status of the defendant corporation it becomes necessary to state, as concisely as possible, its history and relation to certain other corporations. The General Assembly of this State, at its session of 1887, chapter 77, consolidated the Charleston, (604) Cincinnati and Chicago Railroad Company, a South Carolina corporation, with two North Carolina corporations, creating the C., C. C. Ry. Co., a North Carolina as well as a South Carolina corporation, operating a railroad from Marion, N.C. to Blacksburg, S.C. This railroad, with all of its property rights, franchises, etc., in *Page 431 both States, was sold under foreclosure proceedings in the Circuit Court of the United States, and was, by the purchaser, incorporated under the corporate name of O. R. C. Ry. Co. Bradley v. Railroad, 119 N.C. 918, Appendix. This last-named corporation executed certain mortgages which were foreclosed pursuant to a decree of the Circuit Court of the United States for the Western District of North Carolina, and the property rights, franchises, etc., purchased by Samuel Hunt and others. Pursuant to sections 697, 698 and 2005 of The Code, the purchasers formed a new corporation under the name of the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company of North Carolina. At the session of the General Assembly of 1899, Public Laws, ch. 35, the Legislature incorporated said company under said name, conferring upon it all of the rights, powers and privileges, franchises and immunities that at any time belonged to the Charleston, Cincinnati and Chicago Railroad Company, or to the Ohio and Charleston Railway Company of North Carolina, or to the Ohio River and Charleston Railroad Company, or to any or all of their predecessors. The said corporation was authorized to operate and maintain a railroad from the said line on the county line of Cleveland County to the Town of Marion in the State of North Carolina, and was authorized and empowered to assign or lease its franchises, rights and property and to consolidate with any other corporations organized under the laws of this or any other state. The manner in which said consolidation shall be made, and the evidence thereof, is fully set forth in section 8 of chapter (605) 35 of said act, which was ratified January 31, 1899. On the 18th of August, 1898, the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company of South Carolina was chartered, which charter was confirmed by the Legislature of South Carolina on the first day of March, 1899. The same persons, except P. J. Sinclair, are named as directors of the South Carolina corporation. The Constitution of South Carolina forbids any foreign corporation to do business there without the consent of the Legislature of that State. There was no evidence that said corporation had consolidated in accordance with the provisions of section 8, chapter 35, of the Laws of 1899. There was no other line of road running from Marion, N.C. through Rutherford and Cleveland counties to the South Carolina line than the one which extends to South Carolina and across to Blacksburg. It appeared in evidence that the intestate was employed by the South Carolina and GeorgiaExtension Railway Company. This was shown by vouchers and checks issued to the said intestate drawn upon the National Union Bank, Rock *Page 432 Hill, S.C., The National Bank of Gaffney, Gaffney, S.C., Merchants and Planters Bank, Gaffney, S.C., or B. Blanton Co., Bankers, Shelby, N.C. There was also evidence tending to show that the run of said intestate was from Blacksburg, S.C., to Marion, N.C. and return; that he had been making this run for about two years; that he was working for the same company during this time. His widow testified that he was working on the road which operated trains in North Carolina from Marion along the line of what is known as the "Three C road"; that he had the rule book and time tables issued by the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company. It was in evidence on the part of the defendant that Thomas A. (606) Smith was a section-master, having under his charge a portion of the road running from Blacksburg, S.C., to Earle, N.C. It was further in evidence on the part of said witness that he had been section-master of said road eight or ten years; that three miles of his section was in North Carolina and three in South Carolina, including Buffalo Creek; that it was under one management and that he was employed by one company; that his employment covered the time of death of plaintiff's intestate. Another witness for the defendant testified that he was employed on said road and did not know he was working for but one company. It was further in evidence by W. M. Wilkie that on the 20th day of April, 1901, he was employed in repairing cars in the shop at Blacksburg for the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company; that he had worked on trestles from Blacksburg, S.C., to Brushy Creek, N.C.; that Mr. Tripp was superintendent, Mr. Maxwell was supervisor of the track, Mr. Nutting was supervisor of the bridges and trestles. There was no evidence of the existence of any corporation by the name of the Georgia and South Carolina Extension Railroad Company. The defendant denies "on information and belief" many of the allegations of the complaint in respect to the relation the plaintiff's intestate bore to the corporation. For instance, the fifth allegation of the complaint is, "That on the morning of April 20, 1901, the said intestate was sent out by defendant from Blacksburg, S.C., on his regular run with a train consisting of engine and tender, freight cars and passenger coach, as plaintiff is informed and believes." The answer is, "It denies on information and belief the statement of facts in the fifth paragraph of the complaint." It is very doubtful whether this answer to this very material allegation raised an issue. The Code, sec. 243, requires the answer to either deny each allegation or "any knowledge or information thereof sufficient to form a belief." *Page 433 However this may be, no question was raised in regard to it by the (607) plaintiff, and we notice it only as indicating the trend of the defendant's answer to the vital question as to its relation to the employment of the plaintiff's intestate. The entire testimony presents the very singular and anomalous spectacle of a railroad track, originally built and belonging to a corporation chartered by the General Assembly of two States, running and operating in both States a continuous line, being sold and the purchasers incorporating two companies of the same name, except that one is "of South Carolina" and the other "of North Carolina." The two roads are operated by persons who adopt the name of "The South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company." There is no evidence of any consolidation of the two corporations, or of any lease of the track of one company to the other. The two roads are operated by a common set of officers, the section assigned to one of the section-masters being one-half in each of said States. One superintendent, one inspector of cars, and, in general, one set of employees. The checks given to the plaintiff's intestate indicate that the road is operated from a common treasury. There is other testimony to the same effect. There is no more evidence that the plaintiff's intestate was employed by the South Carolina than by the North Carolina corporation. If the defendant's contention be sustained, we have the anomalous condition of employees operating a railroad with no responsible head, and no one responsible for injuries sustained by them, and no one responsible to the public for breach of contracts. There must be some explanation of this condition. The plaintiff served notice upon the defendant "to produce in a legal form, showing that it would be competent testimony, the charter of the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company, and states that it is alleged by the plaintiff that there is no such legal charter and that there was an attempt at consolidation of the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company of South Carolina and (608) the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company of North Carolina, which did not have the effect of extinguishing the two former corporations and creating a new one, but which made a partnership of the two former, which did business under the name and style of the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company, it being a partnership and not a corporation." There was no response to this demand. There is but one possible theory upon which the operation of these roads in the manner testified to by the witnesses for both plaintiff and defendant can be explained. The plaintiff contends that there was testimony competent to be submitted to the jury *Page 434 tending to show that the two corporations were running and operating said roads under an arrangement or agreement which, in law, constituted them partners under the name of the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company, and asked his Honor to submit this question to the jury, the defendant objecting for that there was no evidence to sustain such instruction. His Honor having refused the motion for nonsuit and submitted the question to the jury, the exception to his refusal and instruction to the jury raises the question whether there was any evidence to sustain it. Among other instructions, his Honor said to the jury: "There is some evidence tending to show the corporation which is sued, and which was chartered by the Legislature of North Carolina, operated a railroad in North Carolina in 1899, 1900 and 1901, and that trains operated over this road at that time passed into South Carolina and over Buffalo Creek daily. Mrs. Metcalf testified, as the Court recalls, that her husband was employed by the company so operating the trains in this State, and that he was required as such employee in the performance of his duty to go to Blacksburg and over this trestle. If you find from any evidence in this case that the (609) plaintiff's intestate was employed by the defendant and was required to go over the trestle at Buffalo Creek, in South Carolina, you will answer the first issue `Yes.'" The defendant excepted to this instruction. "The jury will answer the first issue `Yes' if they find from the greater weight of the evidence that the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company of North Carolina and the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad of South Carolina, under the name and style of the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company, jointly or by mutual consent employed plaintiff's intestate and made it his duty as an engineer to run from Marion, N.C. to Blacksburg, S.C., on April 20, 1901, and operated trains over the railroad leading from Marion to Blacksburg as one company, with a common set of officers and a common treasurer, when the said South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company had not been incorporated according to law, and there had been no legal consolidation of the said two companies." It is held by this Court in Rocky Mount Mills v. Railroad Co.,119 N.C. 693, 56 Am. St. Rep., 682, that where two or more connecting roads have agreed among themselves to conduct business through their systems under the name adopted by them, and have so advertised to the public, and have so contracted with persons, that each road which is a party to such agreement is liable for the negligence of the other roads. In that case it appeared that certain connecting roads had *Page 435 entered into an agreement to receive and transmit freight under a through bill of lading, that they adopted the name and style of the "Atlantic Coast Dispatch," and issued bills of lading in that name. For the failure to promptly carry and deliver freight it was held that either of the roads to such agreement might be sued for damages. The Court, after discussing the question, says: "Upon examination and reflection we are of the opinion that the defendants (610) and their connecting lines are jointly liable, each for the others, on the contract before us, and that they are also entitled to the same immunity and privileges as if the contract had been made by the individual company sought to be charged under said contract, that is to say, that they are engaged in business as partners under the name of the `Atlantic Coast Dispatch.' They are still common carriers, none the less so because they have certain stipulations. Having jointly agreed to conduct the `All-Rail Fast Freight Line' business under the name above stated between the terminal points of their connections North and South, and having so informed the public and so contracted with the plaintiff, their true character is fixed by the law according to the nature of their business, and such character cannot be thrown aside by any declaration in the contract in relation to the consequences of liabilities attaching thereto." The Court again says: "Taking notice, as we are at liberty to do, that the numerous transportation lines in our country, connecting with each other, constituting continuous lines between localities, are important factors in the commercial life of the country, we can readily see that if the shipper should have to go to a distant state and find as best he can the negligent party and enforce his remedy against him there, then the expense and trouble would in many cases be ruinous. On the contrary, the carrier's remedy in a case like the present would be easy and speedy. the whole matter is this: The defendants and their associates have engaged in a public business in the manner described for mutual benefit and convenience, and attempted to avoid the legal consequences by adopting some fancy name and by stipulating for limitations on the liabilities incurred in the exercise of their privileges in such business." It would seem clear that if two natural persons were found (611) using their common property jointly, permitting those in the active control and management of it to make contracts, collect moneys for its use and hold themselves out to the public as authorized to so use it, the question as to whether such use was the result of some agreement or partnership would be submitted to a jury. It is difficult to conceive that the president and directors of the two corporations *Page 436 would so far abdicate their powers and fail to perform their duties in respect to the property and franchises as to permit strangers without authority to assume control of it, employ servants and agents to operate it, assume responsible duties to the public, and, in short, to do all such things in respect to the property as the corporations were authorized to do. This will be the condition with which we are confronted unless those who under the name and style of the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company have leased this property from the corporations, or are operating it as their property. In view of the entire evidence, we think that his Honor properly submitted the question to the jury. It is well known as a part of the history of this country that railroad companies do form traffic and passenger arrangements and otherwise operate their property jointly for their common benefit. Usually this is done by virtue of special permission granted by the Legislatures of the different States. If it be done without such authority, and is ultra vires as between the corporations and the public, they could not escape liability to persons with whom they had formed contractual relations by reason thereof. It does not appear that the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company is a legal entity or consists of anything more than a corps of superintendents, section-masters, engineers and other persons employed in operating a railroad. Surely such a mythical personality may not stand to the front and prevent the Court laying hold upon the (612) real owners of the property and, as the jury have found, real operators thereof, and fixing them with liability for breach of contracts. It would be but keeping the promise to the ear and breaking it to the hope to say to this engineer or his personal representative that the South Carolina and Georgia Extension Railroad Company is alone responsible for a defective condition of the bridge by which he lost his life. Questions somewhat analagous to this have come before the Court, and it has been uniformly held that the jury is the proper tribunal to pass upon and ascertain the real facts and fix real responsibility. In the case of Muschamp v. R. r., 8 M. W., 421, the question was presented as to the liability of the defendant for loss of articles shipped over its own and other lines. Lord Abinger, C. J., said: "The whole matter is therefore a question for the jury to determine what the contract was on the evidence before them. In Bradford v. R. R., 7 Rich. L., 201, 62 Am. Dec., 411, the Court held that in such cases it was a question for the jury to determine. In Hart v. R. R., 8 N.Y. 37, 59 Am. Dec., 447, the Court said: "I am satisfied from this evidence *Page 437 that the refusal of the judge to nonsuit the plaintiff was right. The Court charged the jury that it was for them to say whether it was proved that the defendant by its agents received the baggage and agreed to carry it to Troy, and on the decision of the motion for a nonsuit, after all the evidence was given, the Court stated it was a matter to be left to the jury. The Court was right, both in the charge and in the refusal to nonsuit. There were facts which it was proper to submit to the jury, who were the proper judges of the weight of evidence, and it would have been error to have refused so to submit them." We think that his Honor's ruling in the matter was correct. The jury having found, under the instructions, that the defendant corporation was, together with the South Carolina corporation, operating the road jointly, of course it becomes responsible for the (613) injury sustained by its employee in the same manner that a natural person would for the liabilities of a partnership of which he was a member. We have carefully examined his Honor's charge upon the second issue and find no error therein. The principal contention is made upon the question of "assumption of risk" and contributory negligence. In respect thereto it is conceded that the law of South Carolina prevails. Mr. D. W. Robinson, a practicing attorney, residing in South Carolina, was examined as a witness in regard to the law of that State, and after testifying in regard to Article VIII, section 9, of the Constitution, was asked the following question: "If the jury should find that the engineer of a locomotive engine employed by a railroad company, while running a train across a trestle on the road of said company in the discharge of his duty as such employee, had lost his life by the trestle giving way on account of some defect in the trestle, and the engine falling through by the breaking down of the said trestle; would this, under the laws of South Carolina, render the railroad company liable in an action by the personal representative of deceased for damages for such death?" Ans.: "Yes, sir." "Under the laws of South Carolina, would the defense by a railroad company to an action for damages by reason of the falling in of a trestle along the railroad track and the consequent death of the engineer, that the engineer knew of the dangerous condition of the trestle or had opportunity to know it, avail the railroad company anything? It not, why not? Ans.: "I do not think the defense of knowledge and assumption of risk in a case of this kind would avail the defendant, because the provision of the Constitution of South Carolina, Article IX, section 15, makes this defense of no avail, and this seems to be the construction placed upon this provision by the *Page 438 (614) courts of South Carolina." (The witness thereupon cites a number of cases decided by the Supreme Court of that State and proceeds to say): "But if this case is not covered by the provision of the Constitution which I have above quoted, then the law applicable to it, as construed in this State, is that the question whether or not the party is to be deemed to have assumed the risk from knowledge of the dangerous or defective character of the appliances, machinery, etc., which he uses is a question for the jury. The cases already cited cover this doctrine." The witness was examined fully in regard to the law of South Carolina, and upon cross-examination said: "Any degree of contributory negligence, as this term is used by the Supreme Court of South Carolina, and properly understood, will defeat a recovery. The meaning of contributory negligence, as defined by the Supreme Court of South Carolina, is that kind of negligence of the plaintiff which is a direct and proximate cause of the injury combining and concurring with the defendant's negligence in the same matter causing the injury. Unless it is the direct and proximate cause, it is not contributory negligence within the meaning of the term used by the Supreme Court of South Carolina. The distinctions and doctrines applicable to a proper understanding of contributory negligence will be found inBodie v. R. R. (S.C.), 39 S.E. 715, above referred to." His Honor read to the jury the constitutional provision and said: "If this trestle was dangerous in its construction, or in any other manner, as alleged in the complaint, and if the defendant company knew this and required and permitted its engineers in the performance of the duties of their employment to pass over it, then I charge you that such engineers would not be barred of their recovery in case of injury to them because they knew the trestle was thus defective." We think there was evidence to sustain this instruction. In regard to the issue of contributory (615) negligence, his Honor charged the jury as follows: "Contributory negligence in South Carolina does not apply to the use by an employee of a railroad company of defective ways of such company when the railroad company knew the ways were defective, and the employee was required by it to use such ways in the performance of his duty, and when there is but one manner or method of using the same, and the employee is injured in so using it. An employee of a railroad company cannot hold his employer liable for his wrongful acts done, not in obedience to his duty as such employee, but contrary to it. The Constitution of South Carolina does not go this far. It is not to be assumed that a man in his senses will heedlessly imperil his own life. Culpable negligence of the plaintiff's intestate, properly *Page 439 so called, which contributed to the injury, must always defeat the action. But the nature of the primary wrong has much to do with the judgment, whether or not the contributive fault was of a negative character, such as a lack of vigilance, and was itself caused by or would not have existed but for the primary wrong. It is not in law to be charged to the injured one but to the original wrongdoer. See Kirley v. Railroad, S.E. Rep., June 24, 1902, page 774. If the jury finds that when the intestate, Jake Metcalf, on the morning of April 20, 1901, arrived at Buffalo trestle and was waved down by Tom Smith, the section-master, and they went together out on the trestle and Smith pointed out to Metcalf that the track of the railroad was out of order and the trestle was dangerous and unsafe, warned him not to go over it, and told the intestate that the trestle was unsafe, or if it was apparently more unsafe and more likely to fall than usual, and this could have been detected by ordinary prudence, and Jake Metcalf did not exercise such prudence, and was thereby injured as the direct result thereof, you will answer the third issue `Yes'; or if he willfully killed himself, you will answer the third issue `Yes.' You will answer the third (616) issue `No' if you find from the evidence that when Jake Metcalf arrived at the trestle over Buffalo Creek on the morning of April 20, 1901, he was flagged down by Tom Smith, the section-master, and told that the creek was high and that he wanted Metcalf to get out and examine the trestle, and he did so, and walked out on the trestle with Smith, and the track appeared to be in alignment and surface, and there was nothing the matter with the track or trestle so far as appeared from examination except the water was high and came up on the trestle as high as is represented by the red line on the picture (Exhibit 3), and that there was a raft above the trestle and that there was nothing further unusual about the track or trestle, and that Metcalf was left by Tom Smith to rely on his own judgment as to whether he should go on the trestle and was not warned not to go, and Metcalf believed he could go over it with as much safety as for some months before, and a man of ordinary prudence under like circumstances would have ordinarily so believed, and that Metcalf violated no rule or order of his employer in going on or over the trestle." Defendant excepted to the giving of these instructions. We think that there is no error in the instructions as given. The defendant asked for a number of special instructions, the larger part of which were given with certain modifications, which we have carefully examined, and which we think were correctly made. This case is before this Court for the second time and was argued at the last term. We *Page 440 have given it a careful and anxious consideration. It was argued with marked ability by eminent counsel on both sides. It is not (617) for us to say what the verdict of the jury should have been, we can only pass upon the exceptions to his Honor's rulings upon questions of law, and as to them, for the reasons hereinbefore given, we find No error.