Bivings v. Gosnell.

Hoke, J. There seems to be some force in the objection of the defendant to the evidence of the plaintiff’s witness, M. 0. Dickinson, who was allowed on the trial to testify to his opinion of the handwriting of T. P. Birchett, a former *342 clerk of tbe Superior Court of Rutherford County, by comparing bis signature to tbe probate of a deed from .William Garrett, Jr., to James Morris, dated December 7, 1833, offered in evidence by tbe plaintiff, with tbe signature of said Birchett to other records of tbe court, while be was clerk, which were in evidence in tbe case and admitted to be genuine, or certainly not denied. Tbe records were such as tbe law permits to be used for tbe purpose of a comparison of handwriting. Tunstall v. Cobb, 109 N. C., 316. But tbe witness does not seem to have qualified himself as an expert, or to have been asked any questions tending to qualify him as such. This was very likely done and omittéd from tbe case on appeal by inadvertence, but tbe record as it now stands does not disclose that it was done, and the admission of tbe evidence over tbe defendant’s objection was improper. Objection was also made to another deed from Wm. Garrett to James Morris, dated April 14, 1834, on same ground. While there may have been an erroneous ruling in tbe admission of these deeds, tbe same, we think, does not present a reversible error, and for two reasons: First, the plaintiff subsequently offered certified copies of these deeds from tbe registry of Rutherford County, and while tbe defendant objected to their admission, and excepted, it is nowhere set out or suggested wherein tbe copies were defective or improperly admitted. These copies, therefore, being in evidence without valid objection, tbe error, if any as to tbe original deeds, became immaterial. Again, tbe case does not disclose that these deeds were necessary to tbe plaintiff’s case. He was seeking to establish bis title by adverse occupation under color, and, so far as appears, there were other deeds and muniments of title amply sufficient to make good bis claim by adverse possession and for tbe requisite length of time. Tbe burden of showing error is on the appellant, and as tbe case on appeal does not disclose that these deeds were necessary to make out the plaintiff’s cause, or in what way they *343 worked to the injury of the defendant, the verdict and judgment against him will not be disturbed on account of their admission. Again, it is urged for error that S. 0. Cantrell, a witness for the plaintiff who testified that he rented the land from one James Morris and held the same for one year (about 1870) under that lease, was allowed over the defendant’s objection to testify further that James Morris said to the witness, at the time of the renting, that he was acting for the plaintiff. This testimony, we think, was competent as accompanying and characterizing the witness’s occupation and possession of the property. The declaration of the tenant would be clearly competent for such purpose, and the declaration of Morris made to the tenant, assented to and acquiesced in by him, is equally competent. It was a part of the act of taking and holding possession, a part of the res gestae. In 1 Greenleaf on Ev., sec. 108, it is said: “Again the occupation of land is a merely physical act, capable of various interpretations, and may need to be completed by words in order to have legal significance. What a man says when he does a thing shows the nature of his act and is a part of the act; it determines its character and effect. Tenancy is a continuation of acts in a certain relation to another, and declarations during the tenancy by a man that he is a tenant and of a particular person, may be put as a part of the res gestae so far as it is necessary to learn the significance of the act.” Our own authorities are to like effect. Shaffer v. Gaynor, 117 N. C., 15; Kirby v. Masten, 70 N. C., 540. It is sometimes held that declarations characterizing and accompanying possession are only admitted when in disparagement of title, and are only to be sustained on the ground that they are declarations against interest. Greenleaf and other authorities intimate to the contrary. But conceding this to be the correct ground, this evidence is admissible, for the qualification means in disparagement of the declarant’s *344 title. His interest would be to bold as owner, and when be declares, as accompanying bis entry or characterizing bis possession, that be enters and bolds as tenant, tbis is characterizing an act and giving it its true significance, and is likewise in disparagement of the declarant’s title. It will be noted that tbis declaration was at the very time of the renting, and it also appears, we think, by fair interpretation of the evidence, that the parties were then and upon the land. Certainly nothing is shown to the contrary, and, as we have heretofore stated, the burden is on the appellant to establish error or the results of the trial will not be disturbed. No Error.