Lassiter v. . Cline

Schenck, J. Tbis case poses two questions: First, was there any evidence of agency existing between Herbert Thomas, tbe driver of tbe truck wbicb collided witb tbe truck plaintiff was driving, and tbe defendants? And, second, does all of tbe evidence tend to sbow tbat tbe said Herbert Tbomas was an independent contractor? We are constrained to bold tbat tbe first question should be answered in tbe affirmative, and tbe second question should be answered in tbe negative. Sucb bolding precludes an affirmation of tbe judgment below. Tbe plaintiff testified tbat be bad known Herbert Tbomas for two months prior to 9 October, 1941, and during all tbis time be was hauling aspbalt in defendants’ truck, and tbat tbis truck was tbe same one involved in tbe collision, and tbat be was hauling aspbalt for the defendants *273 from tbeir plant near Fort Bragg to the place where they were paving streets; that the truck was loaded at the same place where the other employees of the defendants loaded their trucks; that he saw Thomas on one occasion get his pay check from the defendants along with their other employees, and that he was doing the same thing up to the time of the collision. This evidence more than meets the scintilla rule on the question as to Thomas being an agent and employee of the defendants, and being engaged in the business of his principal and employer at the time of the collision. There is adminicular evidence of the plaintiff’s testimony. On the second question: The defendants’ witness Dean testified that he was superintendent in charge of defendants’ operations in the Fort Bragg area on 9 October, 1941, and had charge of the job to which Herbert Thomas was hauling asphalt; that he made the contract between Thomas and the defendants for such hauling; that “the agreement was that we paid him thirty cents per ton for each ton delivered to the roadway. ... I did not have anything to do with how he operated the truck and no one else connected with Cline & Ellis did”; that Thomas owned the truck he was driving that day; that the witness had the right to fire the men that were hired. “Q. You would have the right .to fire Mr. Thomas if you wanted to? A. That’s right.” “The most important test in determining whether a person employed to do certain work is an independent contractor or a mere servant is the control over the work which is reserved by the employer. Whether one is an independent contractor depends upon the extent to which he is, in fact, independent in performing the work. Broadly stated, if the contractor is under the control of the employer, he is a servant; if not under such control, he is an independent contractor. Where a contractor lets a portion of work to another contractor, the latter’s independence is also determined by the same criterion. It is not, however, the fact of actual interference or exercise of control by the employer, but the existence of the right or authority to interfere or control, which renders one a servant rather than an independent contractor. The employer may leave to the contractor the details of the work, but if the employer has the absolute power to control the work, the contractor is not independent. Whether the employer exercises control may be a fact to be considered in the determination of the relation of the parties' — that is, the circumstance that an employer has actually exercised certain control over the performance of the work may be considered as a factor tending to show the subserviency of the contractor, and the fact that during the performance of work, the employer has exercised no control may be considered as tending to show that he has no right to control.” 27 Am. Jur., Independ *274 ent Contractors, par. 6, p. 486. See, also, Aderholt v. Condon, 189 N. C., 748, 128 S. E., 337. “Tbe power of an employer to terminate a contract at any time, irrespective of whether there is or is not a good cause for so doing, is indisputably an evidential element which tends strongly to show that the person employed is not an independent contractor.” 27 Am. Jur., Independent Contractors, par. 21, p. 501. Certainly the “right to fire” is one of the most effective methods of control, and this power the defendants’ witness testified he possessed over Thomas the driver of the colliding truck; and this irrespective of whether the truck belonged to Thomas or to the defendant. Chief Justice Clark in Evans v. Lumber Co., 174 N. C., 31, 93 S. E., 430, thus states the law in this jurisdiction: “In this case the employer had power to terminate Spruill’s employment at any time. This gave the defendant potential control over him and is conclusive that Spruill was not an independent contractor for whose negligence the defendant was not responsible.” The plaintiff having offered competent evidence of the relationship of principal and agent and of employer and employee existing between the defendants and Thomas, and of Thomas being engaged in his principal’s or employer’s business at the time of the collision, thereby made out a case sufficient to be submitted to the jury; and when the defendants interposed the defense of Thomas being an independent contractor the burden of proof upon the issue thus raised was upon the defendants, Embler v. Lumber Co., 167 N. C., 457, 83 S. E., 740, and it was error to hold that all the evidence established the affirmative of this issue. Since the case must go back for another trial any consideration of the exceptive assignments of error assailing his Honor’s exclusion of certain evidence offered by the defendants becomes supererogatory. The judgment of the Superior Court is Eeversed.