Krider v. . Ramsay

ByNüm, J. In the view most favorable to the plaintiff the case is this: — The lessee of a term of five years made an underlease of a portion of the premises to the plaintiff, for one year, who entered and occupied. Afterwards and before the expiration of the term of either lessee or under-tenant, the lessee surrendred his lease to the lessor, who thereupon entered and ejected the under-tenant. The subtenant has brought this action against the lessor before a Justice of the Peace, and declares in contract for work and labor done upon the premises so leased to him. Where there are no covenants in a lease against subletting, the lessee may underlease, and if the undertenant commits no breach of the covenants between the lessor and lessee which would work a forfeiture of the lease and authorize an *357 entry and dispossession by tbe lessor, an entry upon the land demised to the undertenant and a dispossession of him by the lessor is a trespass and subjects him to an action. There being here no covenant against subletting, the plaintiff by his contract with Dyson, the lessee, acquired a valid term in the premises for the time agreed on subject only to be defeated by the re-entry of the lessor or lessee for some condition of the demise broken. Where a lessee for a term of years parts with his whole term to a third party, it is called an assignment, and the assignee thereby becomes the tenant of the original lessor and subject to all the covenants in the lease, which run with the land, just as the lessee was. The privity of estate and privity of contract still subsist between the lessor and assignee, as it did between the lessor and lessee. Taylor’s Landlord and Tenant, §§ 436-37. But when a tenant makes a lease for a less number of years than his own term, it is not an assignment, but is called an underlease; and it is well settled that as between the original lessor and the undertenant there is neither privity of estate nor contract, so that between these parties no advantage can be taken of the covenants in the lease, and therefore the lessor can not sue an undertenant upon the lessee’s covenant to pay rent, nor can he maintain an action for use and occupation against the undertenant unless under an agreement, as the relation of landlord and tenant does not subsist between them. Holford v. Hatch, Doug. 183; Crusoe v. Bugby, 3 Wils., 234; Strange 405; Style, 483; Taylor’s L. & T., §§ 108, 448, and note, Com., Dig., cov. (e. 3.) Kennedy v. Cope, Doug. 56. As the plaintiff committed no breach of the terms of his lease from Dyson, or of the lease from Ramsay to Dyson, it is clear that while those leases and terms subsisted, neither the lessor nor lessee had a right to enter and dispossess the undertenant. How were the rights and relations of the parties affected by the surrender of the lease by *358 the lessee to the lessor ? Did the lessee thereby squeeze out and extinguish the term of the undertenant ? By the sublease the plaintiff acquired a right or estate in the land for one year, and Dyson, the lessee, could not sell, give up, or surrender anything which did not belong to him ; he could not destroy rights which had become vested in the under-tenant even by a surrender of his estate in the premises to the lessor. Taylor’s L & T, § 111. The material distinction between an assignment of a term and an underlease of a part of the term is, that while the assignee is liable to the original lessor for all the obligations of the lessee by virtue of the privity of estate between them, no action lies by the lessor against an undertenant upon any covenant in the lease, because there is no privity of contract or estate between the lessor and the sublessee. After much confusion in the cases, this seems now the settled doctrine both in this country and England. See note 4 to § 16, Taylor’s L&T. When Dyson surrendered his lease to the lessor the legal effect was to merge the lesser interest into the greater, and as far as he was concerned, to end and destroy the term ; but this could not affect the rights acquired by the under-tenant ; his interests and term continued as if no surrender had been made. A surrender is never allowed to operate injuriously upon the rights of third parties, or to affect the estate of the underlessee. Shep. Touch., 301. Such an effect even is given to a surrender that although a tenant who has made an underlease can not by a surrender prejudice the subtenant’s interest, yét he will himself lose the rent he had reserved upon the underlease; for since rent is an incident to the reversion, the surrenderor can not collect it, because he has parted with his reversion to the lessor; nor can the lessor collect it, because although the reversion to which rent was incident has been conveyed to him, yet as soon as it was so conveyed, it merged in the greater reversion of *359 which he was already possessed, and the consequence is that the underlessee holds without the payment of any rent, exeept where otherwise it may be provided by statute. Smith’s Landlord and Tenant, 282. It was the fault of -the lessor in making the lease to Dyson that he did not insert a covenant against underletting, and in accepting the surrender of the lease; it was again his fault that he made no provision to meet a contingency like this. In neither case is an innocent undertenant to suffer who is in no fault. After the surrender the lessor refused to allow the under-tenant to occupy' for his term, unless he would accept new terms and a new lease from him. This the undertenant refused, and had the right to refuse, and he was therefore expelled from the premises before his term had expired. So that in no point of view had the relation of landlord and tenant ever existed between them, or any contract expressed or implied by law. He was in by a lawful title, the lessor had no right of entry, and the forcible dispossession of the plaintiff was a trespass for which he had an action. Eten v. Leeyster, 60 N. Y., 252; Adams v. Godard, 48 Maine, 212. The undertenant was therefore entitled by a proper action to recover such damages as were the direct consequence of the act of the defendant in ejecting him, but he has misconceived his action-and the forum having jurisdiction. At the time this action was begun, a Justice of the Peace had no jurisdiction in cases of trespass quare clausum fregit or other torts. Nance v. C. C. Railway Co., 76 N. C., 9. The opinion of the Court proceeds upon the fact assumed, rather than established, that the original lease from the defendant to Dyson was a valid lease executed in conformity to the statute. Bat. Rev., ch. 64, § 2. How this fact was, is left in doubt in the case as stated. If the lease was not made in writing as the law prescribes, it was void, and so was the sublease as a necessary consequence. In such ease the *360 plaintiff’s remedy, if be has any cause of action, would he-against Dyson, bis immediate lessor. Per Curiam. Judgment affirmed.