Pollock v. . Wilcox

Rodman, J. The plaintiff says, that the deed from Wilcox to Andrews was fraudulent as to the creditors of Wilcox ~ among other reasons, because no value, or an insufficient-, one, was paid. In reply to this, the defendant Andrews offered evidence to prove that immediately upon the execution of the deed, he paid to Wilcox certain money and certain notes previously made by Wilcox to other persons, and also> executed to Wilcox two notes for $650 each, all of which taken together made a full price for the land. The evidence respecting these two notes was objected to by the plaintiff^ because they were not produced, or their absence accounted for. The question of the competence of the evidence is not affected by the rule, that parol evidence shall not be received to vary a written contract, for that was not the object of the-evidence, and moreover, that rule applies only when the-controversy is between the parties to a contract, and not to a. controversy between strangers, or between a stranger and a party to the contract. 1 Gr. Ev. 275, 279. Reynolds v. Magness, 2 Ired. 26. It is a general rule, however, that every party alleging a fact must prove it by the best evidence of which the case is in its nature susceptible. For example, if the question (even between strangers) be as to the contents of a writing, by the; *50 production of the writing itself, if within his power. But if it be shown that the writing has been lost and cannot be found after diligent search, or has been destroyed, or is in possession of the opposite party, who refuses to produce it, secondary evidence of its contents may be given, even when the contents are directly in issue. The exceptions are more numerous when the question is only a collateral one, as in this case. I find it decided, that one party may prove the admission of the opposite party, that he had a lease, or a note, &c. 1 Gr. Ev. s. 97; and also, when the contents of a writing come thus collaterally in question, the writing may be proved otherwise than by the subscribing witness. 1 Gr. Ev. s. 573, b. But I have found no authority to cover the precise point now made. Something might be said, in the way of reasons, on both sides of the question. But it is unnecessary to decide on it. For even if the evidence was improperly admitted, when it was first offered and objected to, it certainly became admissible as soon as it appeared that the notes had been paid and destroyed. At the stage of the trial when it was objected to a second time, the Judge was ■obliged, on the prima facie evidence of the destruction, to hold as he did, that the secondary evidence was admissible; and, it is evident, that it could make no difference to the plaintiff whether the evidence was admitted at the one stage of the trial or the other. But, upon this point the plaintiff says, that the secondary evidence was incompetent upon a principle for which he cites 1 Gr. Ev. s. 558,' as follows: “ Where the party voluntarily destroys written evidence in his favor, he cannot be allowed to give evidence of the contents of such writing, in a suit in his own favor, founded upon the writing, without first introducing evidence to rebut any inference of fraud, arising from his destroying such written evidence.” The reason on which this rule is founded, evidently is, that ■where a party voluntarily destroys written evidence in his *51 favor, it is a spoliation, and could be done only for the fraudulent purpose of falsifying the contents of the document by parol evidence. 1 Gr. Ev. s. 31. The rule cannot apply to •a case in which the writing destroyed was destroyed when it was not, and was not likely to become evidence in the party’s favor, and was destroyed in the usual course of business, and had no value; as for example, a note paid and •delivered up to the maker. Such a destruction cannot be held fraudulent. 2. The plaintiff excepts to the instructions of the Judge below. His Honor says: “ Conveyances made to hinder, •delay or defraud creditors are void, and all conveyances by men in failing circumstances are, as to creditors, to be received with suspicion and jealousy. So under the like circumstances, conveyances and transactions between near relations; so if the transaction is secret or attended with ■suspicious circumstances ; so if there is a gross inadequacy of price; so if the seller continues in possession of the property, using it as his own without explaining the possession satisfactorily. But on one of these suspicious circumstances is sufficient of itself singly and alone to vitiate a conveyance.” As a general statement of the law, this is correct. No one of the circumstances mentioned, in the absence of all others, is fraud in law, so as to authorize a Judge to pronounce a transaction in which it exists, necessarily void, or to instruct a jury that it must be, as evidence, conclusive with them. It is true, that we may conceive of a case where the inadequacy of consideration was so great as to be of itself as conclusive of fraud as if the conveyance was purely voluntary. But the Judge was speaking with reference to the evidence in the case, and it was in evidence that if the two notes were bona fide, and reckoned as part of the consideration, it was not inadequate. As to the other circumstances mentioned by-tlre Judge, it is scarcely possible that *52 they should exist alone, and unaffected by one or more of the others. For instance, a son in failing circumstances' makes a conveyance to his father; it must almost necessarily appear whether or not a fair price was paid, and whether or not the vendor remained in possession, or some other circumstance bearing on the question. The law does not give an artificial or technical weight to any of these circumstances; they are matters' of evidence, each and all to be weighed by the jury, and their verdict must be upon a. consideration of ajl the facts in evidence. This we think was in substance the charge of his Honor. 3. The plaintiff further excepts to the charge of his Honor, that he erred in saying that this Court had held in White v. White, 13 Ired. 265, that “a fraudulent conveyance for a fair price, bona fide paid, conveys a good title.” His; Honor was misled by the inaccurate and rather unintelligible syllabus of the reporter to the case. The sentence is so obscure that it may be right or wrong, according to the meaning given to it. "We think, that taken in connection with the rest of his instructions, which were sufficiently clear, the jury could not have been misled. Judgment affirmed. Defendant Andrews will recover his costs. Per Curiam. Judgment affirmed.