Webb v. Western Union Telegraph Co.

Walkee, J., after stating the case: The jury having decided the second issue according to the defendant’s prayer for instruction in regard to it, its exception as to the issue became immaterial; and those which relate to the first issue are unimportant, as it was not denied that there was delay in delivering the message, and this constituted a prima facie case of negligence (Sherrill v. Tel. Co., 116 N. C., 655; Ellison v. Tel. Co., 163 N. C., 5) ; and, besides, the negligence is apparent from the uncontroverted facts; so that we dismiss those exceptions with this brief comment, and proceed to consider the only remaining question, whether the plaintiff was entitled to recover punitive damages: We have already stated that defendant was guilty of negligence, and, in a legal sense, it was inexcusable. The law will recompense the party whose right has been violated, by allowing actual damages; but exemplary or vindictive damages are not included therein, but are those in excess of the actual loss and rather designed as a punishment for the willful, wanton, or malicious conduct of one person towards another, and as a warning to other wrongdoers. Being in the nature of a penalty, they should not be awarded unless there are circumstances of aggravation, or such a reckless disregard of the rights of the plaintiff as to imply wantonness, bad motive, or malice. “Such damages,” says Justice Hole for the Court, “are not allowed as a matter of course, but only where there are some features of aggravation, as when the wrong is done willfully and maliciously, or under circumstances of rudeness or oppression, or in a manner which evinces a reckless and wanton disregard of plaintiff’s rights. It is not necessary to submit this element- of damage under a separate issue, but there is no objection to this course, and frequently it is desirable. As stated in the principal opinion, there are no circumstances of aggravation shown in this evidence which ^ould justify an award of exemplary damages, but on the issue as to actual or compensatory damages the jury under proper instructions should be directed to award what, in their judgment, is a fair compensation for the plaintiff’s wrong under the principle here stated, and not confined to the actual loss in time or money, as was done on the former trial.” Ammons v. R. R., 140 N. C., at p. 200. In that case a conductor had ejected a passenger from a train because he had no ticket and had refused to pay 10 cents more than the price of a ticket, which was 40 cents, and which he could *487 not procure on application to the ticket agent before boarding the train, as the supply of tickets had been exhausted, as he was told by the agent, who promised to see the conductor about it and secure him passage at the ticket rate, which he failed to do. The Court unanimously held that he could not recover punitive damages, Justice Brown saying, in the leading opinion, at p. 198 : “To entitle a passenger to such damages, his wrongful expulsion from the train must be attended by such circumstances as to show rudeness, insult, aggravating circumstances calculated to humiliate the passenger. The subject of punitive and compensatory damages has been discussed in many cases in our own reports. In the opinion in this case at the last term the Court called attention to some of the more important. The plaintiff’s testimony fails to bring this case within the authority of any of these precedents so as to justify the awarding of punitive damages. On the next trial of the case it will be the duty of the trial judge to explain to the jury the meaning of, and difference between, punitive and compensatory damages, and to instruct them, upon the plaintiff’s own testimony, as herein set out, that he is entitled to compensatory damages only,” citing Holmes v. R. R., 94 N. C., 318; Rose v. R. R., 106 N. C., 170; Knowles v. R. R., 102 N. C., 66. Justice Hoke filed a separate opinion in which the three other justices concurred, and in which will be found the language above quoted. It was also there held that where a passenger is wrongfully ejected from a railroad train, the demand may be considered as one in tort, and, on an issue as to actual or compensatory damages, he may recover what the jury may decide to be a fair and just compensation for the injury, including his actual loss in time or money, the physical inconvenience and mental suffering or humiliation endured, and which could be considered as a reasonable and probable result of the wrong done. “Wounding a man’s feelings is as much actual damage as breaking his limb. The difference is that one is internal and the other external; one mental, the other physical. At common law compensatory damages include, upon principle and, I think, upon authority, salve for wounded feelings, and our Code had no purpose to deny such -damages where the common law allowed them,” citing McNeill v. R. R., 135 N. C., 683; Hale on Damages, see. 261, and Head v. R. R., 79 Ga., 350, opinion by BlecMey, J. We stated in Jackson v. Tel. Co., 139 N. C., 346, that'the doctrine had been thoroughly well settled that the jury, in addition to actual or compensatory damages, may award those which are exemplary, punitive, or vindictive, and sometimes called “smart money,” to vindicate the right, punish the wrong, and to set an example before others who may be prone to the commission of like offenses, if the defendant has acted wantonly or with criminal or reckless indifference to civil obligations, or has been guilty of an intentional and willful violation of plaintiff’s rights, *488 citing R. R. v. Prentice, 147 U. S., 489; Hansley v. R. R., 117 N. C., 565. In Fohrmarm v. Traction Co., 63 N. J. L., 391, tbe Court goes very fully into tbe doctrine of punitive damages as applicable to individuals or corporations wbo conduct tbeir business by agents, tbe wrongful deed having been actually committed by tbe latter, and refers witb some fullness to tbe case of L. S. and M. S. Railway Co. v. Prentice, 147 U. S., 489, already cited by us. It quotes and approves tbe following passages taken from tbe opinion in tbat case, wbicb it says is a fair abstract thereof: “Tbe railroad company cannot be .charged witb punitive or exemplary damages for tbe illegal, wanton, and oppressive conduct of a conductor of one of its trains towards a passenger; punitive or vindictive damages, or smart money, are not to be allowed as against tbe principal unless tbe principal participated in tbe wrongful act of tbe agent, expressly or impliedly, by bis conduct, authorizing or approving it either before or after it was committed; and a corporation, like a natural per-sonj may be held liable in exemplary or punitive damages for tbe act of an agent within tbe scope of bis employment, provided tbe criminal intent is brought home to tbe corporation.” Tbe New Jersey Court then refers to its own decision in Haines v. Schultz, 21 Vroom, 481, cited and relied on in tbe Prentice case, and adds tbe following as its own statement of tbe principle discussed, as made in tbe case of Haines v. Schultz, supra, as quoted in R. R. v. Prentice: “Tbe right to award, then, rests primarily upon a single ground- — wrongful motive. It is tbe wrongful personal intention to injure tbat calls forth tbe penalty. To this wrongful intent knowledge is an' essential, prerequisite. Absence of all proof bearing on tbe essential question, towit, tbe defendant's motive, cannot be permitted to take tbe place of evidence without leading to a most dangerous extension of tbe doctrine respondeat superior!’ But we need not decide tbat question, although it may be in this case, as we think, tbat upon another and sufficient ground tbe plaintiff is not entitled to recover vindictive damages. A kindred question to tbe one decided in tbe Prentice and Havnes cases was discussed by us in Daniel v. R. R., 136 N. C., 517. Tbe court allowed tbe jury, upon tbe question of damages, to consider every element of compensatory damages involved in the second issue, including niental anguish, although tbe plaintiff states in bis brief that there is nowhere in tbe case any claim for damages on account of mental anguish, and notwithstanding tbe broad latitude permitted to them, tbe jury assessed tbe actual damages at 25 cents, wbicb was practically nothing, as it was merely returning to tbe plaintiff what be bad paid out and giving him nothing besides as compensation for tbe wrong. . He was entitled to damages for pecuniary loss, mental or physical pain (if any), inconvenience, annoyance, or discomfort, wbicb is physical, and must *489 not be purely imaginary, but produced through the medium of the senses and not flowing from mere delicacy of taste or refined fancy or abnormal sensibility, and surely not the result of a morbid supersensitiveness. Saunders v. Gilbert, 156 N. C., 463, citing 1 Sedgwick on Damages (8 Ed.), secs. 37 to 42; 4 Sutherland on Damages, secs. 1010a and 1241, and Williams v. R. R., 144 N. C., 498, to which we add Ammons v. R. R., supra, and Smith v. Tel. Co., ante, 248. The verdict as to actual damages unmistakably shows that the jury thought the wrong one of a trivial character, or else they would have awarded substantial damages in response -to the second issue, instead of giving, as we have said, practically nothing or only a nominal amount. There are no circumstances of aggravation in the case, and nothing that indicates more than an ordinary tort or breach of contract, whichever way we may view the true nature of the action. There was apparent neglect, to be sure, and the defendant offers no excuse for it, nor palliation of it, but the law holds it only to that measure of responsibility and damages as will compensate the plaintiff for the wrong done, and for nothing beyond, as there is no sufficient evidence in the case to show wantonness or malice, nor even a reckless and contemptuous disregard of plaintiff’s lights. There are no circumstances of aggravation to be found in the wrong committed. The operator at Morehead City promised to do the best he could, and may have done so; and if he did not, we can, from this record, discover no such unusual breach of his and the company’s duty as to warrant the assessment of punitive damages. If we should permit them to be awarded, almost every case of negligence in failing to deliver with due promptness must call for the application of the same principle, and there would be no end or limit to the responsibility of telegraph companies or even carriers. The result would be the one stated by us in Williams v. Tel. Co., 136 N. C., 82, that a rule of damages which should embrace within its scope all the consequences which might be shown to have resulted .from a failure or omission to perform a stipulated duty or service would be a serious hindrance to the operations of commerce and to the transaction of the common business of life. The effect would be to impose a liability wholly disproportionate to the nature of the act or service which a party has bound himself to perform, and to the compensation paid and received therefor. If, therefore, the law should allow the imposition of vindictive damages in a case of this kind, it would shock our sense of justice and fair play, and go beyond what the protection of the public or a proper regard for the rights of the individual required. Eminent authors have said that the doctrine is an exceptional or anomalous one, at variance with the general rule of compensation, and hence is logically wrong. Sedgwick on Damages, sec. 353; Hale on Damages. But while we do not accept this theory, we deem it proper, *490 in the administration of justice, to restrict it within reasonable limits, so that in its enforcement it may not be productive of oppression and do much greater harm than would a denial of such damages. It is far better to adopt the middle and safer course, by which we would apply the principle as laid down by Thompson on Carriers of Passengers, sec. 27, p. 573: “Such damages are termed exemplary, punitive, or vindictive — sometimes called ‘smart money’ — and are only awarded in cases where there is an element of either fraud, malice, such a degree of negligence as indicates a reckless indifference to consquences, oppression, insult, rudeness, caprice, willfulness, or other causes of aggravation in the act of omission causing the injury. Some of the authorities include ‘gross negligence’ as one of the elements which entitles the plaintiff to exemplary damages. But the better view is given in an opinion delivered in a recent case in the Supreme Court of the United States. In reviewing that case, Mr. Justice Davis, who delivered the opinion, said: ‘Some of the highest English courts have come to the conclusion that there is no intelligible distinction between ordinary and gross negligence.’ Milwaukee R. R. Co. v. Ames, 91 U. S., 489. ‘The general rule, therefore, is that where the violation of duty makes the defendant a wrongdoer, only compensatory damages are allowed, while proof of a wrongful purpose may take a case out of it, as an exceptional one.’ ” This is consonant with our own decisions, and is the wiser and more conservative rule. Rose v. R. R., 106 N. C., 168; Tomlinson v. R. R., 107 N. C., 327; Ammon v. R. R., 140 N. C., 196; Hayes v. R. R., 141 N. C., 199; Carmichael v. Telephone Co., 157 N. C., 21 (s. c., 162 N. C., 333), and especially in Williams v. R. R., 144 N. C., 498, where plaintiff had to walk 1% miles in consequence of a breach of duty by defendant. In W. U. Tel. Co. v. Reeves, 126 Pas., 216 (s. c., 34 Okla., 468), the Court said: “Treating, for the time, that the cause of action stated was for a breach of a contract to promptly transmit and deliver the message, we are confronted with the very general rule that punitive damages are not recoverable for the mere breach of contract, irrespective of the motive on the part of the defendant which prompted the breach,” citing many eases. And further: “Treating the action, however, as one sounding in tort, was plaintiff entitled to recover? As a general rule it may be said that exemplary, punitive, or vindictive damages will not be awarded, unless there is proof going to show a wrongful purpose or reckless indifference to consequences, oppression, insult, rudeness, caprice, willfulness, or other causes of aggravation in the act or omission causing the injury, or because the injury was inflicted maliciously, wantonly, or under circumstances of contumely or indignity, or because the circumstances showed a reckless indifference to duty.” It will be seen, after a full reading of that case, that, as do the courts in other cases to the same *491 effect, the learned justice attaches great importance to and lays much stress upon the intrinsic nature of the wrong and any circumstances of mitigation or aggravation in the extent of the injury flowing from it. We must not be understood as denying the right to recover where there is only trifling or even nominal damages (Saunders v. Gilbert, 156 N. C., 463), for sometimes there may be substantially no actual damages, though the wrong is committed wantonly and maliciously and exasperatingly, as was the fact in that case. The plaintiff was pursued by a mob and he and his wife fired at, but little or no damages resulted. There were circumstances of great aggravation there, and of a serious nature. But here they are entirely absent. The case of W. U. Telegraph Co. v. Westmoreland, 44 So. Rep. (Ala.), 382, is more exactly in point, for there a sister wired from Montgomery, Ala., to her brother at Athens, Ala., in the evening of 28 November, 1903, requesting him to meet her that night at the railroad station in the latter town, which he failed to do, as he did not receive the message in time, the message not being delivered until the next evening. Chief Justice Tyson, in the course of a very able and learned opinion, says: “It does not appear by any testimony that the plaintiff was not duly escorted home, or that she sustained any actual damages whatever of any kind by the misfortune of the message not arriving before the train on which she had taken passage. It was not shown that the delay in the delivery of the message arose from any willful or malicious act whatever, nor was there any proof whatever that any mental distress, anxiety, or pain was caused to the plaintiff by the nondelivery of the message.” He further states that two questions were presented, and one of them is this, whether punitive damages are assessable for the mere failure to deliver punctually a social message of the character here shown and under the circumstances of this case. He then answers his own question, at p. 383: “Where the wrong in its essence is the mere failure to perform a contract, involving no insult or outrage to the feelings cognizable by the law, and no actual damage to the person or property of the plaintiff, it cannot be held that the public peace or quiet is offended, and therefore there is no basis for the infliction of vindictive damages. And we think, if this was a case in which vindictive damages were assessable at the discretion of the jury, the proofs would not be sufficient to support a verdict involving their allowance. When an actual trespass is committed, or an act, like slander or libel, necessarily involving in its essence an active and intentional wrong, malice may be inferred from the act itself; but when the relations of the parties are contractual, and call for the performance of stipulations undertaken, the presumption of innocence which the law uniformly indulges would characterize the omission of performance in this case as unintentional — that is, simple negligence. We think this is *492 not a case'for punitive damages.” We may not agree with all that has thus been so well said, but the case is an authority, based upon facts so closely analogous to those appearing in this record, that it is fully sufficient, in other respects, to sustain our view. See Hale on Damages, sec. 124. While we decide that there was error in regard to the third issue, we do not mean to imply that there are not cases where telegraph companies may be mulcted in pecuniary damages by way of punishment and example for its wrongs in handling messages. Some cases have been before this Court in which such a course might well have been pursued, and where conscious and reckless indifference to the rights of patrons was apparent, the negligence being of a very grave and serious character. It will be well for the defendant to have a care for its own interests in the future and avoid such inexcusable lapses from its plain duty to the public. If its returns, at any particular office, are not profitable enough to justify the employment of a sufficient force to conduct its business properly, it must remember that this shortage in funds at one place may be more than compensated by much larger receipts at others. The law looks at the average profits, for in all extensive businesses some part thereof is likely to be unremunerative. This was expressly held in Corporation Commission v. R. R., 137 N. C., 1, where the matter is fully considered and the authorities collated, the Court especially referring to R. R. v. Gill, 156 U. S., 664; R. R. v. Minnesota, 186 U. S., 261; U. S. v. Freight Assn., 166 U. S., 322; Cantwell v. R. R., 176 Ill., 512; R. R. v. R. R. Commission, 109 La., 247; Gladson v. Minnesota, 166 U. S., 430, and Wisconsin v. Jacobson, 176 U. S., 296. The principle is tersely stated in Cantwell v. R. R., supra: “The sufficiency of the earnings of a railroad to justify the expense of running a separate passenger train over a certain branch line constituting part of the entire system is not to be determined by considering the profits of that branch alone, but of the whole business of the various parts of the roads operated with the branch as one continuous line.” Defendant has not pleaded, in exculpation of its negligence, any lack of sufficient funds from business at either the initial or terminal office to perform its duty to the public adequately, and if it had done so, we see that it would have been in vain, as scant earnings are no excuse for imperfect service, and especially so where there has been negligence. The presiding judge should not have submitted the third issue, or, having. submitted it, he should have told the jury to answer it in the negative, and not have given the instruction to which exception -was taken by the defendant. In any view of the evidence the plaintiff was entitled to recover something — at least nominal damages. What plaintiff told the operator at *493 Morehead as to his reasons for wanting the hack to meet him the next morning was competent. It showed the importance of the message to plaintiff, and put defendant on its guard. The defendant’s assignment of error No. 4, subdivision 3, shows the relevancy of this evidence, for there it is claimed that the message, on its fáce, did not disclose its importance or the necessity for prompt delivery. "We have already said that plaintiff was entitled to damages for mental and physical suffering, inconvenience, and so forth. It therefore follows that defendant’s assignments of error, relating to these questions, should be, and they are, overruled. The other exceptions have become unimportant. We therefore direct that the third issue be disregarded and stricken out, and that judgment be entered for the plaintiff upon the remaining issue, that is, for 25 cents and the costs of this Court and the Superior ’ Court. Error,