Cherry v. Canal Co.

Hoke, J., after stating the case: It has been settled by several decisions of this court that the facts disclosed in the foregoing testimony amount to an actionable wrong on the part of the defendant company towards the owner of the injured property. Mullen v. Canal Co., 130 N. C., 496; Pinnix v. Canal Co., 132 N. C., 124. And the same authorities declare that when the damage is of a permanent character, recovery may be had in one action for the entire wrong. Mullen v. Canal Co., supra, at page 505. It is also an established principle that where there has been a trespass committed on real property, causing permanent damage which impairs the value of the inheritance, the owner of the remainder or the reversion can maintain an action for the wrong done to his estate and interest. He could not maintain the technical action of trespass, because, as said in Latham v. Lumber Co., 139 N. C., 9, he has neither the possession nor the right thereto; but he could maintain an action of trespass on the case if the wrong was done by a stranger, and of waste or action in the nature of waste if *425 done by the owner of a particular estate. 28 Am. & Eng. Enc. (2 Ed.), 575 and 622; Burnett v. Thompson, 51 N. C., 210. Ordinarily, when the remainder or reversion is held by co-owners, the alleged wrongdoer might by demurrer require that all persons so interested should he joined. But in this case, the defendant having entered a general denial, any defect of parties which may have existed is waived; and if permanent damage is shown impairing the value of the inheritance, the plaintiff, as owner of two-thirds of the reversion after the life estate of Mrs. Kate Cherry, has a right of action for the full amount of damage done to his two-thirds interest in the property. Burnett v. Thompson, supra; Putney v. Lapham, 64 Mass., 232; Thompson v. Hoskins, 11 Mass., 419. The action then is well brought so far as the parties in interest are concerned. ' The court is also inclined to the opinion that the judge below committed an error in the charge proposed by him on the third issue — that addressed to the question of permanent damage. There seems to have been evidence to be considered by the jury tending to show permanent damage. This intimation of His Honor was very likely an inadvertence, and intended by him for the fourth issue — that as to the statute of limitations. Very certain it is, however, that the judgment of nonsuit should not be disturbed; for though it should be established and declared 'by a verdict that permanent damage has been done to the plaintiff’s estate and interest, it is perfectly clear, both from the allegations of the plaintiff and the uncontro-verted facts, that the plaintiff’s cause of action is barred by the three-year statute of limitations. The statute being properly pleaded, the error as to permanent damage, if any was committed to the plaintiff’s prejudice, was harmless and no good would result by awarding a new trial. In 2 Am. & Eng. Enc. Pl. & Pr., 499, we find it stated that *426 “appellate courts deal with judicial acts and it would not avail to reverse a ruling or judgment correct on the record, though it may be founded on an erroneous reason.” And again, in the same volume, at page 500: “This system of appeals is founded on public policy and appellate courts will not encourage litigation by reversing judgments for technical, formal or other objections which the record shows could not have prejudiced the appellant’s rights.” The decided cases in this and other jurisdictions support this position. In Butts v. Screws, 95 N. C., 215, Ashe, J., for the court, says: “A new trial will not be granted when the action of the trial judge, even if erroneous, could by no possibility injure the appellant.” See also Ratliff v. Huntly, 27 N. C., 545; Fry v. Bank, 75 Ala., 473. The opinion also finds support in the case of Shackleford v. Staton, 117 N. C., 73, where, on motion, a cause was dismissed when, the statute being properly pleaded, the facts stated in the complaint showed that the cause of action was barred by the statute of limitations. According to the allegations of the complaint and the uncontroverted facts, the entire wrong was done in the years 1898 and 1891). The action was instituted on August 24, 1903. The statute of limitations which applied (Revisal, sec. 395, subsec. 3,) declares that an action of this character is barred in three years. The plaintiff therefore can in no event recover and any error on the third issue was harmless. It is urged that chapter 224, Public Laws 1895, established a period of five years as the limitation, and that in Mullen v. Canal Co., 130 N. C., 505, the court applied this statute to actions like the present; but this is a misconception of the opinion referred to. This statute (chap. 224, Laws 1895,) brought forward in the Revisal of 1905 as section 394, which establishes the period of limitation at five years, in express terms applies only to actions against railroad companies, and the courts have no authority to ex *427 tend its provisions to actions of a different character. The language of the learned judge who wrote the opinion in Mullen's case, supra, is as follows: “While chapter 224, Laws 1895, applies only to railroads, yet as the court has extended the rule of permanent damages to water companies and telegraphs, under the principle laid down in Ridley v. Railroad, 118 N. C., 996, we see no reason why it should not apply equally to canals.” It will thus be observed that the court here only declared that it would extend the rule of permanent damages to actions against the defendant company according to the principles announced and exploited in Ridley’s case and as contemplated by the statute in reference to railroads, but did not, and did not intend, to extend the application of the statute or the period of limitation therein established to cases not contained in its provisions. There is no reversible error presented and the judgment of nonsuit is Affirmed.