Earle & Co. v. Hardie

*179 Ashe, J. (After stating tli-e case.) We think the plaintiffs are entitled to the writ of mandamus as prayed for; but before the writ is issued, it is proper as -a guide to the sheriff that it should be ascertained whether the defendants in the judgment are entitled to homesteads and personal property exemptions, and if so, to what amount and under what law. In considering these questions we will first inquire whether they are entitled to homesteads, and then., whether they can claim personal property exemptions against the execution of plaintiffs. It has been decided by the supreme court of the United States at the October term, 1877, of said court, in the case of Edwards v. Kearzey, carried from this court by writ' of error, that the second section of article ten of the constitution of 1868, which exempts from execution real property of a resident debtor not exceeding in value one thousand dollars, is void as against pre-existing debts, being in contravention of ■the constitution of the United States, which inhibits a state from passing a law impairing the obligation of contracts. Art. I, § 10. And the federal constitution being the supreme law of the land, and the supreme court of the United States •its ultimate and authoritative expounder, we must refer to the judgments of that tribunal for the obligatory -rule to control our decisions upon all constitutional questions'arising under that instrument. The second section of article ten of our constitution of 1868, having been declared void as against debts previously contracted, the act of the legislature passed on the 7th of April, 1869, Bat. Rev., ch. 55, to carry its provisions into effect, is also void -as against the same debts. The act being void against pre-existing debts, its clause repealing all laws coming in conflict with its provisions leaves the act of 1866-67, ratified on the 25th of February, 1867, in full force as against all debts contracted after the date of its ratifica *180 tion and before the time of tire adoption of the constitution of 1868, No act can be in conflict with a void act The act of 1867, in the first section, provides: “ That it shall be lawful for any citizen of the state Who is possessed of a freehold of Raids- within the same, to- file liis' petition in the court of pleas and quarter sessions of the county where the laud lies, praying for the allotment of a homestead therefrom not exceeding one hundred acres if in the country, or one acre if in a city or town, which allotment may include-a single dwelling and the necessary outhouses; and thereupon it shall be the duty of the court to appoint, five freeholders to lay off and allot to the petitioner said homestead by metes and bounds according to their discretion, make a descriptive account of the same under their hands and seals, and return it to the court at its next session.” This act having been in force when the plaintiffs' debt was contracted, the defendants in the judgment have the right to hold the-homes-tead therein provided for against any execution that may be issued on the plaintiffs’ judgment, provided they have com,plied with the requirements of the act. . We will next inquire whether the defendants in the- judgment can hold the exemption of five hundred dollars in value of personal property as guaranteed in the first section 'of article ten of the constitution of 1868. We see no reason why they cannot. That section was not brought under the consideration of the supreme court of the United States in the caso of Edwards v. Kearzey, and its operation upon ¡are-existing debts contracted after the ratification of the act of 1867, is an open question. Without doubt the act of 1867 was in force until the adoption of the constitution of 1868, and by the seventh section thereof there was exempt from execution after its. ratification, “ all necessary farming and mechanical tools, one work horse, one yoke of oxen, one cart ox wagon, one milk cow and calf, fifteen head of hogs, five hundred pounds of pork or bacon, fifty bushels of com, *181 ‘twenty bushels of wheat or rice, household and kitchen furniture not to exceed in value two' hundred dollars, the libraries of licensed attorneys at law, practising physicians ¡and ministers of the gospel, and the instruments of surgeons •■and dentists, used in their professionsthe value -of which ■exclusive of the libraries of .attorneys, physicians, and ministers, and the instruments of surgeons and dentists, may .amount to much more than five hundred dollars. Laws which subsist at the time and place -of making a ■contract, enter into .and forma part -of it, ,as if they were expressly referred to or incorporated in its terms. Van Hoffman v. Quincy, 4 Wallace, 552. They are in contemplation ¡of both parties to a contract. The debtor knows how much of his property he can hold in exoneration from his liabilities, and the creditor knows how much of the -estate of his debtdr he has the light to look to for the .satisfaction of his debt. At the time then when the plaintiffs’ debt was contracted, to-wit, on the 26th of November, 1867, the -exemption act •of February 25th, 1867, was in full force, .and .the -debt was ■contracted in reference to its provisions, by which there was property exempted from execution considerably in excess ■of five hundred dollars in value The act was prospective in its operation .and the defendants in- the judgment had the .right to hold the property therein enumerated discharged .from liability to the plaintiffs’ debt. But after the date of plaintiffs’ debt, the constitution of 1868. was adopted, .and .the question here recurs,, whether the first section of article ten of .that instrument is void against this debt We thipk it is not. The ground on whieli homesteads and exemptions are pronounced unconstitutional as impairing contracts,, is, because they withdraw from liability to pre-existing contracts property which at the date of the contracts was liable to their satisfaction. “ One .of the tests that a contract has been *182 impaired is that its value has- by legislation been diminished.” Van Hoffman v. Quincy, supra, cited in Edwards v. Kearzey. Hence it follows that an exemption law which does not diminish the value of a contract,, or withdraw from liability more property in value than was exempted at the time the contract was made, is not unconstitutional. Lessly v. Phipps, 49 Miss., 790; Larence v. Evans, 50 Ga., 216; Whittington v. Colbert, Ibid., 584. Therefore the first section of article ten of the constitution of 1868 is not void as against the debt of plaintiffs, because it does not exempt from liability more property than was exempt by the existing law whe n the debt was contracted. We do not think the framers of the constitution of 1868 contemjfiated giving the personal property exemptions therein provided for, in addition to. those given in the act of 1867, for that would have made it obnoxious to the reasoning and conclusion in the- Edwards-Kearzey case; but intended it should be a substitute for them against all debts incurred or contracts made after the 25-th of February, 1867, the day of the ratification of the act of that date, and prior to the adoption of the constitution on the 24th of April, 1868. There is error. The judgment below is reversed and the demurrer overruled. This must be certified to the superior court of Cumberland in order that a writ of mandamus may be issued to the defendant, Robert W. Plardie, ás sheriff of the county, commanding him to proceed forthwith under the execution now in his hands, or that may hereafter come into his hands, issued upon the said judgment in favor of the plaintiffs against William Warden and Daniel McKin-non, to levy upon and make sale of the personal property of each of the said defendants- in excess of five hundred dollars, if to be found; and if not, to levy upon and sell the-lands of each of the defendants owned by them at the date of the docketing of the judgment, or acquired by them since, or so much thereof as will satisfy the said judgment,, except *183 ing any homestead either of them may have had allotted to' him under the provisions of the act of 1867, prior to the contracting of the debt. Error. Reversed,