Pippen v. . Wesson

EodmáN J. The common law, by which the contract of a married woman was void, continued to be the law in courts of law in this State until the adoption of the Constitution of 1868. In Courts of Equity it was settled that a married woman might have an estate settled to her separate use, and that although she had no power to bind herself personally by contract, she might specifically charge her separate estate, and Courts of Equity would enforce the charge against the property. But in order that her conEact should have the *442 effect of creating a charge it must refer expressly, and not by implication to the separate estate as the means of payment. Knox v. Jordan, 5 Jones Ev. 177, Frazier v. Brownlow, 3 Fred. Eq. 237. The words “ not by implication,” though found in the decisions, are not to be understood in the strictest sense as excluding necessary implications. Withers v. Spar row, 66 N. C. Rep. 129. The Constitution and subsequent legislation have greatly changed the lights of married women in respect to their property ; but they remain ¿ts they were, except so far as they have been changed by such legislation expressly or by reasonable implication. The inquiry therefore is, has the Constitution, or the Act of 1871-72, chap. 193, (Bat. Rev. chap. 69), given to married women the power to make a contract like the one sued on ? The contract sued on is a bond for the payment of money, executed by the defendant Wesson and his wife Caroline, the other defendant. It contains no reference to the separate property of the wife. It says “forvalue received,” but of what the value consisted, or by which of the obligors it ivas received, is not said. It does not appear that the contract was for the benefit of the wife. In the case of obligors pleni juris this would be immaterial. But where one of them has only a limited capacity to contract, the contract must lie shown to be within her capacity. One who contracts by virtue of a power, statutory or otherwise, and who, except by such power, is incapable of contracting, must pursue the power, or her contract will be void. And it must appear, in some lawful way, that she meant to act under the power ; and that is the reason why there must be a reference to the separate estate and an apparent intent to charge it. It will be seen upon an examination of the legislation referred to, that it by no means converts a married woman into a feme sole in respect to her separate property, but that it gives special powers which are carefully limited and defined, and that outside of such powers her disability *443 remains as at common law. Slie bas no power to enter into a contract, upon which a personal judgment might be given against her, or by which she might be subjected to arrest. It is true that when the decisions to which I have referred were made, the separate estate of the wife was a mere equity, the legal estate being vested in a trustee, and that since the-constitution of 1864, she lias the legal estate to her separate use. But that change has not removed her legal disabilities, to contract, or extend her ability in equity. Her contract by bond is still void at law, and the courts under their equitable powers will not enforce it against her separate estate, unless the creditor has an equity to have it so enforced; that is to say, unless it was for her benefit. This is the doctrine of Yale v. Dederer, 18 N. Y. 265; S. C. 22, N. Y. 450, in which it is held that the contract of a wife as surety for her husband is void at law, and as not being for her benefit, is not supported by any equity and will not be enforced. This view' of the subject was taken in Owens v. Dickerson, 1 Craig. & Phil. 48. (Cond. Eng. Cli. Reps.) It has the advantage of avoiding some difficulties which might arise upon the theory that a wife binds her separate estate under a power. It would, follow from this view', that oven if the contract did expressly refer to the separate estate and attempt to charge it, the attempt ■would be ineffectual, unless supported by the equity that it was for the wife’s benefit. The wife could not charge her separate estate by a contract not for her benefit, except by a direct conveyance to which under our law, her private examination would be necessary. In the present case it is immaterial which of these two views may be taken. They lead to-, the same conclusion. The contract does not refer to the estate-to be charged as it must do, to operate as the execution of a statutory power, nor was it for the wife’s benefit, so as to give-the creditor an equity. In addition to the case cited, the following take the same views as we do, as to the effect of statutes giving to married *444 women separate estates in their property with a limited or general jus disponandi. Jones v. Crostwaite, 17 Iowa 393; Rhodes v. Gibbs, 39 Texas 432; Bibb v. Pope, 43 Ala. 190; Maclay v. Love, 25 Cal. 367; Smith v. Greer, 31 Cal. 476; Montgomery v. Sprankle, 3 1 Ind. 113; Carpenter v. Mitchell, 50 Ill. 470; Whitworth v. Carter, 43 Miss. 61; DeFries v. Conklin, 22 Mich. 255. See. 6 of Art. X, of the constitution reads as follows : ■“The real and personal property of any female in this State ■■acquired before marriage, and all property real and personal, 'to which she may after marriage, become in any manner entitled, shall be and remain the sole and separate estate and property of such female, and shall not be liable for any debts, obligations or engagements of her husband, and may be devised or bequeathed, and with the written assent of her husband conveyed by her as if she were unmarried.” It is contended that when the constitution gave married women separate estates in their property, it gave them by a necessary implication an unrestricted dominion over the property, to bind it directly or indirectly, except when expressly forbidden; and an unrestricted right to contract, such as a feme sole or a man has. We think there is no such grant implied. The terms “ sole and separate estate ” had a known and -definite meaning in the law when the constitution was framed, :and it must be taken that they were used in that instrument •in the sense which had been affixed to them by prior decisions •of this court. Such an estate had never been held to confer -on the married woman an absolute power of disposition over the estate as if she were a feme sole, and it was never supposed that by force of having a separate estate, she had a ¿general capacity to contract. The law was that she had such -special powers only as were conferred by the deed of settlement, either expressly or by necessary implication. If the indent of the constitution had been such as is contended for, it *445 would have been superfluous and unnecessary to proceed, as the section does, to give the separate estate special qnalities, as that of exemption from the debts of the husband, and to the wife the power to devise and bequeath the property, and to convey it with the written consent of her husband, inasmuch as upon the doctrine contended for, the exemption and the-wife’s power of disposition would have followed as a necessary incident to the separate estate. That it was thought necessary expressly to give a limited power of disposition, shows clearly • that the separate estate given was such as it had previously been defined to be, to which neither an absolute power of disposition, nor the general power to contract, were necessary incidents. The statute was intended to take the place of a deed, of settlement, and must be construed as such deeds had been, as conferring on married women no powers beyond those expressly given or implied. It is contended, however, that a general power to contract, with the written consent of their husbands, is given to married women by section 17, of the marriage act above cited. We conceive that while it would be beyond the power of' the Legislature to destroy or alter the essential qualities of the separate estate given by the constitution, as by giving the personal property to the husband, making the property liable for liis debts or by destroying the wife’s power of disposition; yet it is within its power to regulate the manner in which the separate estate shall be held, to prescribe what contracts and what dispositions of their estates, other than those specifically authorized by the constitution married women may make, and by what forms and oerpmouies all their contracts shall be made and authenticated, and their free consent thereto ascertained. The Legislature may abolish all the incapacities of married vromen, and give them full power to contract as, femes sole. The question is, has it done so % The section referred to reads as follows’: “ No woman during her coverture shall be capable of making any contract to affect, *446 •her real or personal estate, except, &c., without the written con•sent of her husband, unless she be a free trader as hereinafter . allowed.” By no fair construction can this section be read as -enacting that “ every married woman shall be capable of making any contract to affect directly or indirectly her estate •-(which would include every contract whatever) by the written ■consent of her husband.” By using the words “ contract to affect her real or personal estate,” the draughtsman evidently had in mind the existing law as above stated, that no married woman could make any personal contract, but only one to ■•■affect or charge separate estate, and the object was to require "the consent of the husband in lieu of the consent of the trustee, which the law required when the separate estate was -•created by a deed of settlement. The meaning was not that ■a married woman may make contracts which, by existing law, ¿she had no power to make, but that she shall not make such ■contracts as by existing law she had power to make, without the consent of her husband. The intent was not to enlarge .her special power of contracting into a general power, but to abridge the special power by requiring the husband’s consent. This is clearly shown by the negative frame of the section. 'The meaning contended for would have been expressed naturally by affirmative words, directly granting the power, and it would be a most unnatural construction to hold that the mere omission to deny the power to make general personal contracts, which there was no necessity for denying, as it was denied by existing law which was not repealed, was a grant of that power. By section 26 of the act cited, it is enacted that no conveyance of her real estate by a married woman not a free trader, shall be valid unless it be proved or acknowledged and her private examination taken as to her free consent. If a married woman can bind her real estate by an executory contract to pay money, as to which she is not privately examined, the ■safeguards against conveyances by the undue influence of her *447 husband provided by this section, would be easily defeated. Her real estate would be liable ■ to sale under execution, and she would thus indirectly convey when she could not directly do so. As it does not distinctly appear that Mrs. Wesson executed the bond as surety for her husband, we put that out of view. We put our decision on the ground that a married woman has no power to contract a personal debt or to enter into any ex-ecutory contract, even with the written consent of her husband, unless her separate estate is charged with it, either expressly or by necessary implication arising out of the nature or consideration of the contract, showing that it was for her benefit. Whether the contract would be good if it did ex pressly charge the separate estate, but was not for the wife’s benefit, it is unnecessary to say. PeR Cubiam. Judgment affirmed.