Lipe v. Citizens Bank & Trust Co.

Claeeson, J. Plaintiffs appeal. This hind of action has been recently discussed by this Court in Hager v. Whitener, 204 N. C., 747, and Grantham v. Grantham, 205 N. C., 363. It is unnecessary to repeat, but refer to those cases. On the question of damage in the Eager case following Redmon v. Roberts, 198 N. C., 161, we affirmed the charge of the learned judge who tried the case below that “the measure of damages for the breach of contract to devise is the value of the property agreed to be devised.” It is said in the Grantham case, supra, it is evidence on the question, which is technically and strictly speaking, and said to be the better rule.' The Grantham action was one for specific performance. One of the questions as set forth by plaintiff on this appeal is as follows: “Is a pecuniary legacy to a creditor who has an unliquidated account for services rendered to testatrix, a payment of the creditor’s debt, undetermined in amount, when the testatrix directs in her will the sale of all her property and out of the proceeds directs: (1) The payment of funeral expenses. (2) The payment of all her just debts, out of the first moneys coming into the hands of her executors; and, (3) Gives pecuniary legacies to several persons, aggregating about $12,000, in which is included a legacy of $3,000 to such creditor, her nephew, the plaintiff in this case?” We think the question must be answered in the negative under the facts and circumstances of this case. The principle of law is thus stated in Pomeroy’s Equity Jurisprudence, 4th ed., sec. 527, and part of sec. 528, pp. 998, 999 and 1000: “The general rule as stated by Sir J. *28 Trevor, M. B., in the leading ease of Talbot v. Duke of Shrewsbury, is as follows: ‘If one, being indebted to another in a sum of money, does by his will give him a sum of money as great as or greater than the debt, without taking any notice at all of the debt, so that he shall not have both the debt and the legacy.’ Wherever this rule operates, and the presumption of satisfaction arises, the creditor-legatee is of course put to his election: if he claims the legacy, he cannot enforce the debt; if he enforces the debt, he cannot obtain the legacy. It is also proper to remark that a debtor-testator can always thus put his creditor to an election, by accompanying his testamentary gift, whatever be its nature or amount, with words sufficiently indicating his intention that it is made and must be received in lieu and satisfaction of the debt. This general rule, being based upon artificial reasoning, has been distinctly condemned by able judges. It is not favored by courts of equity; on the contrary, they lean strongly against the presumption, will apply it only in cases which fall exactly within the rule, and will never enlarge its operation.” Bispham’s Principles of Equity, 10th ed., pp. 822 and 823: “Chan-. cey’s case and Strong v. Williams may be cited as authorities in which the general doctrine is admitted, and at the same time several of its qualifications illustrated. In the former case a person indebted to his servant for wages, in the sum of £100, gave her a bond for that sum, and after-wards by will gave her £500 for her long and faithful services, and directed that all his debts and legacies should be paid; in the latter, the testator gave a bond to his housekeeper conditioned for the payment of $333.00 within six months after his decease, and also written promise to pay her $20.00 annually; and he afterwards in his will bequeathed her a pecuniary legacy of $300.00, together with furniture and other chattels valued at $745.00; and he devised the residue of his estate subject to the payment of debts and legacies. In both of these eases the general doctrine of satisfaction was recognized; but in both its application was refused; in Ghancey’s case, because the intention to satisfy the debt by the legacy was supposed to be rebutted by the express direction that debts and legacies should be paid; and in Strong v. Williams, not only for the reason in Ghancey’s case, but also because the pecuniary legacy was less than the amount of the debt, and the specific legacy was of a different nature.” Perry v. Maxwell, 17 N. C., 488, Baptist Female University v. Borden, 132 N. C., 476. In the will in controversy, the testatrix says: “Said executors are to pay all my said funeral expenses, together with all my just debts, out of the first moneys which may come into their hands out of and belonging to my estate.” The court below charged the jury as follows: “Now the defendants’ counsel are correct in that the law would not permit the plaintiff to *29 recover damages upon an alleged breach of an express contract to devise and bequeath to him certain property, to recover the full value of that property and at the same time also recover or take under the will whatever the testatrix gave to him in consideration of services rendered; but you are not to be concerned with that question, gentlemen, because it appears that the plaintiff has never received anything under the will, and if he recovers anything under this contract and its alleged breach, then in the judgment the court will, provide that whatever amount he takes under this action is to be deducted from any amount that he might be entitled to under the will of the testatrix, Alice J. Bost, deceased. In that way he would not be permitted to collect twice— once under an alleged express contract and the other for services under the will of the testatrix.” The plaintiff’s exception and assignment of error to the above charge for the reasons given, must be 'sustained. It will be noted that this charge was confined to the “alleged express contract,” which was found by the jury for plaintiff and on the 2nd issue it was breached by plaintiff. We think the charge prejudicial. Defendants' Appeal. At the close of plaintiff’s evidence and at the close of all the evidence, defendants made motions for judgment as in case of nonsuit. C. S., 567. The court below overruled these motions and in this we can see no error. We think the evidence was sufficient to be submitted to the jury. Hager v. Whitener, 204 N. C., 147. We do not think it necessary to consider the controversy over the first and second issues as the case goes back for a new trial. The question involved on this appeal: “Whether or not the plaintiff sufficiently states and alleges a cause of action on an implied contract to pay for services alleged to have been rendered by plaintiff to the deceased, or an action on a quantum meruit, and or to raise issues based thereon.” We think so. The prayer for relief does not determine the scope of the plaintiff’s right to relief. Dunn v. Moore, 38 N. C., 364; Capps v. Holt, 58 N. C., 153; Pitt v. Moore, 99 N. C., 85; Kelly v. Johnson, 135 N. C., 647; Deal v. Wilson, 178 N. C., 600; Scott v. Ins. Co., 205 N. C., 38 (40). In Sams v. Cochran, 188 N. C., 731 (733) : “Under our liberal practice, the court below, in its sound discretion, in' furtherance of justice, can amend the pleading, before and after judgment, to conform to the facts proved, keeping in mind always that an amendment cannot change substantially the nature of the action or defense, without consent. Our system is broadening and expanding more and more, with the view at all times that a trial should be had on the merits and to prevent injustice.” C. S., 535, 545, 547, 548, 549. The amendment can be made in the Supreme Court “in form or substance for the purpose of furthering justice,” O. S., 1414. On the facts *30 in the present controversy there was sufficient evidence to be submitted to tlie jury on tbe 5th issue, as to quantum meruit. Brown v. Williams, 196 N. C., 247. In Dorsey v. Corbett, 190 N. C., 783, speaking to the subject, at page 788: “Mordecai’s Law Lectures, Vol. 1 (2d ed.), page 127, says: ‘Under the old practice the plaintiff generally declared upon the special contract and added also what were called the common counts, so that if he failed on the special contract he could have relief in as-sumpsit; and now under The Code a party may recover on a quantum meruit, although the complaint is on the special contract; or the plaintiff may so frame his complaint as to declare both on the special contract and in quantum meruit; or the complaint may state the cause of action so broadly as to authorize a recovery of either on a quantum meruit or on the special contract. This, however, is a slovenly mode of pleading, tolerated, but not approved, as the cases cited will show.’ There are cases where this principle would not apply. "When the recovery is restricted by the special contract, and the price agreed upon in the special contract- is the standard, the special contract ‘must of necessity guide the jury.’ Mordecai’s Law Lectures, supra, page 128; Markham v. Markham, 110 N. C., page 362; Reams v. Wilson, 147 N. C., 304.” Stokes v. Taylor, 104 N. C., 394 (397). In the present case the jury found on the first issue that there was a “special contract,” and on the 2nd issue it was “breached.” The finding on these two issues, the 5th issue quantum meruit, became inoperative. On defendants’ appeal, there must be a new trial. There was error both in plaintiff’s and defendants’ appeal. On the whole record there must be a new trial. There are many exceptions and assignments of error on both appeals that we do not think it now necessary to consider. For the reason given, there must be a New trial.