Barbee v. . Penny

Waxiíer, J., after stating the case: ¥e are unable to decide the questions raised upon the argument and discussed in the briefs of counsel, for the reason that all the necessary parties to be affected by the judgment are not now before the Court. It will be observed that this is not the case of a devise of the land to the executors, as trustees, for the purpose of sale, but the will merely gives them a naked power of sale, and when this is the case ‘Whatever is not given away to some person must descend.’ The heir takes, not by the bounty of the testator, but by force of the law, even against the express declaration of the testator to the contrary. If the will does not devise the land, but creates a power to sell it, then, upon the execution of the power, the purchaser is in under the will, as if his name had been inserted in it as devisee. But in the meantime the land descends, and the estate is in the heir. The power is not the estate, but only an authority over it and a legal capacity to convey it. These are elementary maxims.” Ferebee v. Proctor, 19 N. C., 439, 446; Clifton v. Owens, 170 N. C., 607, 617. The legal title, therefore, is in the heirs, subject to be divested upon a legal or proper execution of the power. This is not a case where in all things respecting the trust estate the trustees represent the ceshds que trustent, for the suit is not one’ to normally ad *657 minister tbe trust, where the trustees have admittedly acted within the limits of their powers as conferred by the will. The very question involved is whether they have done so, the plaintiffs alleging that they have not acted within their authority, and defendants, on the contrary, averring that they have. When the question is whether the trustees have or have not exceeded their powers as defined in the instrument creating them, the beneficiaries of the trust are the ones vitally concerned in the proper decision of that question, as the ultimate decision may seriously affect their interests. If the trustees have exceeded the limit of their power, the cestuis que trustent would not be bound by their acts, and where the validity of such acts is attached by the tras-tees themselves, and strangers to the trust are seeking to take advantage of what has been done upon the ground that the acts of the trustees are valid, it produces such a controversy as requires the presence of the beneficiaries to protect their own interests. It may be that the contract of the trustees is favorable to them, and, if so, they should have the opportunity in court to show it, so that it may stand, if valid, or it may be unfavorable, and injurious to their interests, in which event they should be heard in order to prevent the damage, if valid. It is apparent that the trustees do not occupy such a neutral position as to represent and act for them impartially. They may do so in fact, but the.beneficiaries are not regarded in law as having proper and sufficient representation. A reference to some of the authorities confirms us in this view. “Trustees and cestuis que trustent are the' owners of the whole interest in the trust estate; and, therefore, in suits in equity in relation to the estate by or against strangers both the trustees and cestuis que trustent must be parties representing that interest.” Perry on Trusts (5 Ed.), sec. 878. In a case substantially like this in principle, it being a suit by a trustee to remove a cloud from the title, the Court said: “It is presented as fundamental error that Mrs. Eice and her children were necessary parties to the suit by the trustee. It is a general and well established rule that in suits by or against a trustee for the recovery or defense of property the beneficiaries are necessary parties. There are exceptions to this rule, as where the number of the beneficiaries would render it inconvenient to make them parties and where it may be presumed that it was the intention to invest the trustee with power to prosecute or defend suits in his own name. This case does not come within the exceptions. The deed does not clothe the trustee with authority to prosecute or defend suits for the property, and the circumstances do not raise a presumption that it was intended to give him such power. This was a proceeding in equity to cancel certain transfers and enforce a trust, and a chancery court will not entertain *658 a bill unless all the parties in interest are before it. This is a wise and salutary rule, for, without it, the trustee might by collusion, through the medium of a court, deprive the beneficiaries of the trust of valuable rights, when, if notified of the suit, they might protect themselves.” Monday v. Vance, 32 S. W., 559, citing authorities. “The general rule in cases of this sort is that in suits respecting the trust property, brought either by or against the trustees, the cestuis que trustent, or beneficiaries, as well as the trustees also, are necessary parties. And when the suit is by or against the cestuis que trustent, or beneficiaries, the trustees are also necessary parties; the trustees have the legal interest, and, therefore, they are necessary parties; the cestuis que trustent, or beneficiaries, have the equitable and ultimate interest, to be affected by the decree, and, therefore, they are necessary parties.” Story on Equity, sec. 207. Hall v. Harris, 11 Texas, 300, 303. “The cestui que trust should be a party to a bill to set aside a contract made with his trustees. 22 Enc. of Pl. and Pr., p. 180, citing Tavenner v. Barrett, 21 W. Va., 656. See, also, Burney v. Spear, 17 Ga., 223; Dunn v. Seymour, 11 N. J. Eq., 220; Goddard v. Prentice, 17 Conn., 546, 555; Turner v. Hind, 12 Sim., 414; Blake v. Allman, 58 N. C., 407. It is generally said that a trustee represents the cestuis que trustent to such an extent that he may sue in his own name touching matters which affect the proper execution of the trust, and this may be taken as true for most purposes. Our statute declares that “a trustee of an express trust may sue without joining with him the person for whose benefit the action is prosecuted. A trustee of an express trust, within the meaning of this section, shall be construed to include a person with whom or in whose name a contract is made for the benefit of another.” Revisal, sec. 404. This section applies where the trustee is in a position, and wholly free, to represent the cestui que trust impartially and without having any interest of his own to subserve or protect; but we do not deem it applicable, so as to exclude the beneficiary as a necessary party where the trustee has exceeded his powers or the question is whether he has done so and the interests of the beneficiary may be seriously affected by its decision. Sampson v. Mitchell, 125 Mo., 217, 228. Under the section the trustee represents the cestui que trust when he is acting within the limit of his power or according to the terms of the instrument conferring the power and in furtherance of the interests of the cestui que trust, but not where there is or may be, a question between the trustee and him and a third party as to the proper exercise of the power, as is the case here. 22 Enc. of Pl. and Pr., p. 168; Sampson v. Mitchell, supra. In the case last cited the Court, after stating that, “In cases of trust the general rule, in equity, is that the beneficiaries in-the trust are necessary parties *659 (Story’s Eq. Pl., sec. 207),” s'ays: “Our statute declares that a trustee of an express trust may sue in his own name without joining the person for whose benefit the suit is prosecuted. This is but a legislative assertion of an established exception to the general rule before mentioned, and it has no application to a case like the one in hand, where the object of the suit is to give the trustee powers not conferred upon him by the instrument creating the trust.” Here the defendants are insisting that the executors in making the contract for a sale of the land were exercising a power given by the will, while the beneficiaries, as stated in the complaint, deny that this is true, as also do the executors. Moseley v. Hankinson, 22 S. C., at p. 332. If the contract between the executors and the defendants was authorized by the terms of the will creating the power, and is beneficial to the cest-uis que trustent, they have the right to enforce it; and if not so, and it is injurious to them, they should have the right to be heard in protection of their interests, and, besides, in the latter case, the trustee could not be said to be their proper representative. In R. R. v. Fowler, infra, it is said: “If the cestui que trust bring a suit against a third person, to whom the trustee has assigned the property in violation of the trust, the trustee should be made a party, for he is ultimately bound for the due fulfillment of the trust. (Story’s Eq. Pl., sec. 209; Bust v. Dennet, 2 Brown’s Ch., 225; Land v. Blanchard, 4 Hare, 28.) Notwithstanding the assignment to Ernst and Keith, Bowler continued 'to occupy the relations of trustee for appellant and in an action by the beneficiary to recover the trust property his representative should be made a party. But if it be doubtful, in cases in which no settlement of accounts is necessary, whether the representative of the deceased trustee is an indispensable party, there can be no doubt but that Bowler’s heirs are necessary parties to this action. This suit is in respect to the property held, in trust for them, by Ernst and Keith. It is not prosecuted merely to establish a debt, or create a charge which the trustees will be compelled to satisfy out of the trust property, but it involves an absolute recovery of the property itself. In such a ease the beneficiaries, who have the equitable and ultimate interest to be affected, as well as the trustees, are necessary.parties. (Story’s Equity PL, sec. 207; Mitford’s Equity Pl., by Jeremy, 176-179.)” G. and L. Railroad Co. v. Bowler’s Heirs, 72 Ky. (9 Bush), 468, 484. "Oestuis que trustent are not, it seems, necessary parties to suits against trustees to compel the specific performance of contracts except where some question arises touching the power of the trustees to execute the contract or their authority to act under it. But where a bill in equity involves the title to the cestuis que trustent to the prop *660 erty in dispute, or where they are interested not only in the fund or estate respecting wbicb the question at issue has arisen, but also in that question itself, they are necessary parties.” Here the executors have a naked power to sell and convey, the legal title being in the heirs or devisees, which cannot be divested except by a valid execution of the power. It' is contended by the plaintiffs, and they allege, that the beneficiaries join in this contention, that the contract with the defendants is invalid as not in its nature being within the scope of the power given by the will, there being no limit as to the time of its performance, and, further, that by its terms the executors have divested themselves of the power to sell the property advantageously, and have in other respects abdicated their power and office as trustees. These questions affect the merits, and are postponed for consideration until all necessary parties are brought in, so that they can be concluded by the final decree. Whether the instrument executed by Josephine Barbee and others to the executors conferred any greater power than the latter already had under the will, or whether by it Josephine Barbee and others merely waived the right to buy the lots, under section 7 of the will, and the right to be heard as to the management of the estate, under section 8, we need not decide, as the legal effect of the instrument must be determined with the other questions involved after they are made parties. It would, therefore, seem, in any view of the case, that those interested in the property under the will should be made parties, and especially is this course essential where the suit is one to clear the title and it is important that all interests be foreclosed by the decree. The case is remanded that further proceedings be had therein not inconsistent with this opinion. ' The costs of this Court will be divided between the parties, the plaintiffs paying one-half and the defendants the other half. Remanded.