Elizabeth City Water & Power Co. v. City of Elizabeth City

Clarkson, J. From the oral argument of this case we were impressed with the idea that perhaps the city of Elizabeth City had violated some legal rights of .the plaintiff, the Elizabeth City "Water and Power Company. From a thorough examination of the record, we are of the opinion that the defendant, city of Elizabeth City, was in its legal rights, and under the law had full power and authority to do all the acts and things complained of by the plaintiff. The plaintiff’s complaint, stripped of all technicalities, in a “nutshell,” is that the defendant, the city of Elizabeth City, is about to start a rival business by establishing a water system, etc., and as a consequence the plaintiff’s business will be seriously affected; that the competition-will be unfair, in that the municipal-owned water system will be free of taxes and the plaintiff will have to pay taxes; that the plaintiff is under regulation by the Corporation Commission, and the municipal plant will be free from regulation; that the discrimination will amount to destruction and confiscation; that at Knobb’s Creek, where plaintiff obtains its supply of water, it fears defendant will interfere with its water rights. The plaintiff has invested large sums in its plant, and that this will deteriorate and become less valuable. The plaintiff *285 charges that it will suffer irreparable damage to its property, and asks the court to interfere by injunction. This the court below refused to do, and in this we tbink there was no error. If the contention of plaintiff was sustained, under the facts and circumstances of this case, it would be practically impossible for a municipality ever to own a utility where a privately owned one then existed. Every rival business in every-day life affects its competitors, sometimes destructively, by having cheaper rent, better location, more efficient help, better .marketable product, etc. ' How far the city of Elizabeth City should imparl, looking towards purchase before erecting a new plant, we have nothing to do. ¥e can only declare the law. In discussing the contentions of plaintiff seriatim, we feel that we are doing what has already been substantially done by Hon. H. G. Connor, United States District Judge, and for many years a member of this Court. In the Hill case, supra, brought by the bondholders, Judge Connor, in a very able, learned and carefully prepared opinion on almost the identical facts, dismissed the bill in equity filed by Hill and others. On appeal, the Circuit Court affirmed the decision. Judge Charles A. Wood (United States Circuit Judge, formerly on the Supreme Court bench of South Carolina) wrote the opinion. This opinion was concurred in by Circuit Judge Rose and District Judge Webb. Judge Wood, in closing his opinion, said: “The court is constrained to say that the loss which a failure of the parties to agree will entail ought to be averted. There is. an -amount of money, as everybody knows, which expresses the value of the existing plants to the municipality for use in its own construction. The hope is indulged that some one will have the wit to find that amount, even in the cloud of feeling, and make the rightness of it so plain that it will be paid and accepted.” This much-contested and irreconcilable conflict now comes to this Court. Plaintiff’s first exception is to the court below making an order, upon motion of defendant, that plaintiff file a bill of particulars and make its complaint more specific. This motion was made after defendant filed answer. The complaint was filed on 4 February, 1924. Defendant filed its answer on 23 February, 1924. The motions were made on 27- February, 1924, and on 8 March, 1924, and continued to 18 March, 1924, and the motions allowed on that date. The latter part of C. S., 534, is as follows: “The court or judge may order a further account when the one delivered is defective, and may, in all cases, order a bill of particulars of the claim of either party to be furnished(Italics ours.) 0. S., 537, is as follows: “If irrelevant or redundant matter is inserted in a pleading, it may be stricken out, on motion of any person *286 aggrieved thereby; but this motion must be made before answer or demurrer, or before an extension of time to plead is granted. When the allegations of a pleading are so indefinite or - uncertain that the precise nature of the charge or defense is not apparent, the court may require the pleading to be made definite and certain by amendment.” (Italics ours.) A motion of this kind was allowed in Bristol v. R. R., 175 N. C., p. 509, some time after answer was filed. The better practice is to make the motion before demurrer or answer is filed, and the motion should be made in apt time. In Allen v. R. R., 120 N. C., p. 550, it is said: “It is too late after demurrer or answer. Stokes v. Taylor, 104 N. C., p. 394.” Although the opinion seems to hold that it can be done after answer is filed. A careful reading of the Stolces case, supra, does not sustain the position. We think this matter was in the sound discretion. of the court below. It is apparent that whatever action might have been taken by the city, and which might have been alleged as constituting or as an impairment of contract obligations, or an invasion or violation of property rights, must have been a corporate act and thus appear of record. It was clearly possible and, in fact, easy for plaintiff to set forth, by proper incorporation or specific reference, those records or documents which constitute the official action granting, creating, impairing or violating the plaintiff’s rights of property. The motion made by defendant, set forth with particularity, was a request for all agreements, corporate resolutions, ordinances, writings, legislative acts, etc., on which the allegations of the complaint were based. The plaintiff substantially complied with this request. The allegations in the complaint were all in substance based on writings, legislative acts, ordinances, resolutions of the board of aldermen, etc. It was to require frankness and openness in plaintiff’s claim for relief, and matters in its knowledge and easily produced. We can see no error in the rulings of the court below, and this exception cannot be sustained. There was no gross abuse of the discretion. Barbee v. Davis, 187 N. C., p. 78. The second exception: “The plaintiff further excepted for that the court sustained the motion to dismiss, and rendered judgment dismissing the complaint.” C. S., 518, is as follows: “If objection is -not taken, either by demurrer or answer, the defendant waives the same, except the objections to the jurisdiction of the court and that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.” (Italics ours.) *287 We think it well settled, under our practice and procedure, that objection to the jurisdiction of the court and that complaint does not state facts constituting a cause of action are not waived and can be taken advantage of at any time, even in the Supreme Court, in writing or ore tenus. The Court may, ex mero motu, dismiss when lack of jurisdiction or when complaint fails to state a cause of action. The main contest narrows down: Does the complaint and record evidence, on which it is mainly based, in substance, constitute a cause of action? ■Article VIII, section 1, of the Constitution of North Carolina, in regard to corporations other than municipal, is as follows: “No corporation shall be created nor shall its charter be extended, altered or amended by special act, except corporations for charitable, educational, penal, or reformatory purposes that are to be and remain under the patronage and control of the State, but the General Assembly shall provide by general laws for the chartering and organization of all corporations and for amending, extending and forfeiture of all charters, except those above permitted by special act. All such laws and special acts may he altered from time to time, or repealed; and the General Assembly may at any time, by special act, repeal the charter of any corporation.” The above article was an amendment of the Constitution of 1868 and ratified at the polls, and went into effect 10 January, 1917. In the Constitution of 1868 was the following: “Corporations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes; and in cases where, in the judgment of the Legislature, the object of the corporation cannot be attained under general laws. All general laws and special acts passed pursuant to this section may he altered from time to time, or repealed.” “The purpose and effect of this section is to enable the State to control, modify or repeal corporate powers, thus avoiding the effect of the doctrine announced in Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheat. (U. S.), 518. The language of this section is read into charters issued to corporations since its adoption (1868), so that the Legislature has a right to amend or repeal from time to time any and all rights thereby conferred. S. v. Cantwell, 142 N. C., 604, construing the charter of the Wilmington Fire Company, ratified 8 March, 1869. All acts of incorporation, subsequent to this section and partaking of the nature of contracts between the State and the incorporators, are granted and taken in reference to this power of alteration or repeal by the Legislature, so that this power of change or repeal is a part of the contract itself. S. v. Morris, 77 N. C., 512; Power Co. v. Whitney Co., 150 N. C., 31. Notwithstanding a constitutional provision of this character, the power *288 of the Legislature cannot be unlimited and arbitrary. "Where, under a power in a charter, rights have been acquired and become vested, no amendment or alteration of the charter can take away the property or rights which have become vested under a legitimate exercise of the powers granted. ’ S. v. Morris, 77 N. C., 512.” Connor & Cheshire’s Const. of N. C. (Anno.), pp. 339, 340, 341. Article I, section 7, Constitution of North Carolina, is as follows: “No man or set of men are entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community but in consideration of public service.” Section 31 is as follows: “Perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius of a free State, and ought not to be allowed.” In Thrift v. Elizabeth City, 122 N. C., p. 35, it was held: “Those provisions of the ordinance granting the exclusive privilege to construct and maintain water-works within the corporate limits of the town, and the exclusive use of its streets, alleys, sidewalks, public grounds, streams and bridges come within the condemnation of section 31 of Article I of the Constitution of this State, which declares that ‘Perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius of a free State, and ought not to be allowed.’ . . . All authorities hold that no such exclusive privilege can be granted by a municipal corporation without express legislative authority, and this of itself would settle the case at bar; but we feel compelled to go further and say that, while the point is not now directly before us, we do not wish to be understood as conceding the power of the Legislature itself to grant such exclusive privileges. In our opinion, they come directly within the meaning of monopolies, as construed in the light of our institutions, the genius of our people, and the spirit of our laws. We are not inadvertent to some decisions to the contrary in other jurisdictions, but in all of them, where the power is admitted, it is strictly construed.” Robinson v. Lamb, 126 N. C., p. 492; McQuillan on Municipal Corporations, vol. 1, sec. 1633, and cases cited; Durham v. Public Service Co., 182 N. C., p. 333, affirmed by Supreme Court of United States, 261 U. S., p. 149. In Simonton v. Lanier, 71 N. C., p. 503, it was contended that the charter of the Bank of Statesville was given the special privilege to lend money at a higher rate than the general State law. Referring to Article I, sections 7 and 31, supra, Bynum, J., said: “The wisdom and foresight of our ancestors is nowhere more clearly shown than in providing these fundamental safeguards against partial and class legislation, the insidious and ever-working foes of free and equal government.” With these fundamental safeguards in the Constitution of 1868, the plaintiff entered into the water-system enterprise now under consideration. *289 Tbe plaintiff is a corporation, organized under tbe laws of North Carolina on 25 February, 1903, and alleges: “In tbe year 1902 franchises for tbe construction and operation of a water system were granted by tbe city of Elizabeth City to one C. M. Ferebee and bis assigns, which franchise grants, running for a period of sixty years, were acquired and are now held by tbe plaintiff corporation; that by chapter 99 of tbe Acts of 1903 of tbe General Assembly of North Carolina tbe defendant city was authorized to contract with tbe said C. M. Ferebee and bis assigns for water service for not longer than thirty years, subject to submission to and ratification by tbe voters of said city; that by a majority tbe voters of said city ratified tbe proposed contract for water service at an election held on 13 April, 1903, and that subsequently a contract, dated 1 June, 1903, was entered into; that tbe plaintiff corporation immediately began tbe construction of its plant and tbe laying of its mains.” It has built and operated its present water system. Tbe contract entered into between plaintiff and defendant expired by limitation on 31 May, 1913. Since that time tbe contract has not been extended. Tbe General Assembly of North Carolina, on 31 January, 1923 (Private Laws, ch. 15, secs. 122 and 129, inclusive), passed an act giving Elizabeth City (inside or outside tbe corporate limits) tbe authority to construct and operate municipal utilities, including a water system. It is held in certain jurisdictions that when tbe contract has not expired, a municipal corporation cannot during its life become a competitor. Tbe case of Westminster Water Co. v. Westminster, 64 L. R. A. (Md.), 630, decided in 1904, bolds void a perpetual contract for the water supply of the defendant city. The opinion contains a brief summary of some of the cases deciding what are reasonable periods for such contracts. It thus shows that “In the case of New Orleans Waterworks Co. v. Rivers, 115 U. S., 674, a contract for fifty years was sustained; in Walla Walla v. Walla Walla Water Co., 172 U. S., 1, a contract for twenty-five years was sustained; in Vicksburg Waterworks Co. v. Vicksburg, 185 U. S., 65, a contract for thirty years was held not unreasonable.” The case of City of Vincennes v. Citizens Gas Light Co., 132 Ind., 114, expresses this well-established principle by saying: “A city has power to contract for a supply of gas or water for a stated period of time extending beyond the tenure of office of the individual members of the common council making such contract. . . .We cannot say that twenty-five years is an unreasonable time for which to contract for a supply of light or water.” Pond on Municipal Control of Public Utilities, p. 84; Owensboro v. Owensboro, 243 U. S., p. 166. *290 The most recent case of unexpired contract relationship is Superior Water, Light and Power Co. v. City of Superior, U. S. Supreme Court Reporter (15 December, 1923), p. 86. Mr. Justice McReynolds, delivering the opinion, says: “The integrity of contracts — matter of high public concern — is guaranteed against action like that here disclosed by section 10, Article I of the Federal Constitution: No State shall . . . pass any . . . law impairing the obligation of contracts.’ It was beyond the competency of the Legislature to substitute an 'indeterminate permit’ for rights acquired under a very clear contract. Vicksburg v. Vicksburg Waterworks Co., 206 U. S., 496; 27 Sup. Ct., 762; 51 L. Ed., 1155; Detroit United Ry. v. Michigan, 242 U. S., 238, 253; 37 Sup. Ct., 87; 61 L. Ed., 268.” The decisions are collected in that opinion and need not be recited here. This question does not arise here, as tbe time limit of tbe contract fixed and agreed upon in writing has expired. McQuillan on Municipal Corporations, vol. 4, sec. 1779, says: “It is well settled that the Legislature, where not forbidden by the Constitution, has power to authorize a municipal corporation to own and operate any public utility such as is generally owned and operated in a city by public-service corporations. ... A grant by the Legislature to villages of the power to construct and operate waterworks held not in excess of its power merely because of the existence of a private corporation engaged in the same business which had obtained its franchise under a legislative act providing for the creation of waterworks companies in towns and villages. Skaneateles Waterworks Co. v. Skaneateles, 161 N. Y., 153; 55 N. E., 562; 4 L. R. A., 687; rehearing denied in 161 N. Y., 658; 57 N. E., 1124; affirmed in 184 U. S., 354; 22 Sup. Ct., 400; 46 L. Ed., 585.” See, also, Knoxville Water Co. v. Knoxville, 200 U. S., 22; Norfolk County Water Co. v. City of Norfolk (Fourth Circuit), 246 Fed., 650; City of Joplin v. Southwest Missouri Light Co., 191 U. S., 150; Helena Waterworks Co. v. Helena, 195 U. S., 383. In the two last-cited cases it was held a city had the right to construct and operate its own plant before its contract with the public-service corporation has expired. There was nothing in the contract with the public-service corporation that provided that the city would not erect its own plant. Ohio has its constitutional provisions similar to ours. In Hamilton Gas Light and Coke Co. v. Hamilton, 146 U. S. Rep., 258, Mr. Justice Harlan, delivering the opinion of the Court, in sustaining the right of the city of Hamilton to erect its own gas works under circumstances'similar to those of the instant case, amongst other things, said: “This conclusion is required by other considerations. By *291 tbe Constitution of Obio, adopted in 1851, it was declared that ‘no special privileges or immunities shall ever be granted that may not be altered, revoked, or repealed by the General Assembly’; that ‘the General Assembly shall pass .no special act conferring corporate powers’; and that ‘corporations may be formed under general law, but all such laws may be from time to time altered or repealed.’ Const.. Ohio 2, Art. I; par. 1, 2, Art. XIII. If the statute under which the plaintiff became incorporated be construed as giving it the exclusive privilege, so long as it met the requirements of law of supplying gas light to the city of Hamilton and its inhabitants by means of pipes laid in the public ways, there is no escape from the conclusion that such a grant, as respects at least its exclusive character, was subject to the power of the Legislature, reserved by the State Constitution, of altering or revoking it. This reservation of power to alter or revoke a grant of special privileges necessarily became a part of the charter of every corporation formed under the general statute providing for the formation of corporations. A legislative grant to a corporation of' special privileges, if not forbidden by the Constitution, may be a contract; but where one of the conditions of the grant is that the Legislature may alter or revoke it, a law altering or revoking, or which has the effect to alter or revoke, the exclusive character of such privileges, cannot be regarded as one impairing the obligation of the contract, whatever may be the motive of the Legislature, or however harshly such legislation may operate, in the particular case, upon the corporation or parties affected by it. The corporation, by accepting the grant subject to the legislative power so reserved by the Constitution, must be held to have assented to such reservation. These views are supported by the decisions of this Court.” Plaintiff complains that it is regulated and the defendant unregulated. When it went into this business it had full knowledge of the Constitution and laws of this State, and bought out Ferebee and his assigns cum onere. In the regulation of its business it is protected by law. In the regulation of this corporation its property cannot be confiscated. In Bluefield Waterworks and Improvement Co. v. Public Service Commission, 262 U. S., p. 679, it is held: “The return on investment which a public utility should be permitted to earn should be reasonably sufficient to assure confidence in the financial soundness of the utility, and should be adequate, under efficient and economical management, to maintain and support its credit and enable it to raise money necessary for the proper discharge of its public duties.” In Springfield Gas and Electric Co. v. City of Springfield, 257 U. S., p. 131, it is held: “Leaving free in the matter of charges a municipality *292 engaged in producing and selling electricity to private consumers, while making the rates of private electric companies subject to the approval of the State Public Utilities Commission, as is done by Illinois Public Utilities Act of' 30 June, 1913, and Illinois Municipal Ownership Act of 20 June, 1913, does not deny to the private corporation the equal protection of the laws. A city council has no such interest in a municipally owned electric plant as to make it incompetent to fix the rates.” • Plaintiff complains again that it pays tax and the municipally owned utility does not. When it bought the charter from O. M. Eerebee and made its contract with defendant, Elizabeth City, and invested its money, it knew this was the law, and it went into the business with full knowledge. Its contract has expired, and it cannot be heard to complain. We can see nothing in the contention of “acquiescence and estoppel.” The allegation is unsupported by the written contract, which, on the record and argument was admitted, expired on 31 May, 1923. The fact that “the subsoil of Elizabeth City is such that the laying of duplicate water mains and pipes will cause great damage and injury to the distributing system,” if this is a fact, plaintiff knew it when it made the investment, and cannot be heard -to complain. In fact, the legislative act under which the ten-year contract was made has this provision: “That the corporation of Elizabeth City is hereby authorized and empowered to agree with C. M. Eerebee, or his assigns, that no pipes, tubes or conduits for a water supply or for sewerage shall, under the authority of the said corporation, be placed-in, under or across any of the streets, alleys, lanes or highways of said corporation, at any time within ten years from 1 May, 1903, which shall in any way obstruct, interfere with the location of or make necessary the removal or any change in the location of any pipes, tubes or conduits which may be placed by the said C. M. Ferebee, or by his assigns, in, under or across any of the streets,, alleys, lanes or highways of the said corporation for the purpose of performing any contract made under the authority of this act: Provided further, that the privileges mentioned in this section shall not be granted unless the contract or contracts named in the preceding sections of this act are ratified by- a majority of the qualified voters of Elizabeth City in the manner hereinbefore mentioned.” Laws 1903, ch. 99 (18 February, 1903), sec. 6. It appears that the intention was that when this act was voted on by the people, “For contract” or “Against contract,” the contract was to be made, which was done — for ten years — although the board of aider-men was given discretion for time not exceeding 30 years. On 4 March, 1903, the General Assemblyj by private act, further empowered the city, upon prescribed conditions, to erect public utilities *293 of its own. This act of 4 March provided that “No contract or agreement made at any time hereafter by the corporation of Elizabeth City, under the authority contained in the aforesaid act (private act of 18 February, aforesaid), shall, during the period or term for which said contract or agreement shall be made, be in any manner terminated or impaired or by virtue of any power or authority vested in the Board of Aldermen of Elizabeth City by the provisions of this act.” The act (Private Laws 1903, ch. 99, sec. 1) provided: “That the corporation of Elizabeth City is hereby authorized and empowered to contract with O. M. Ferebee, or with his assigns, to furnish to said corporation electric lights, gas, both for illuminating and for fuel, water and sanitary sewerage system, or for any of them, for such time not exceeding thirty years, upon such terms and conditions, and for such consideration in each case, as the board of town aldermen of Elizabeth City may deem just and expedient.” It contracted under this power for 10 years and the time has expired. Plaintiff further alleges that defendant’s charter is “A studied and consistent discrimination against plaintiff, amounting to destruction and confiscation and in favor of the municipal water system. The requirements that all property holders pay for the installation and cost of connection with the pipes of the municipal plant and the restriction against the taking up of paving when once laid, are particularly complained against.” Sec. 123, Private Laws 1923, ch. 15, allows the city of Elizabeth City to install a system of sewerage and the lot owners to pay for installation, and a series of years given to make payment— 20 per cent each year. In some municipalities, sewer tax is required. We see nothing unreasonable in this. In fact, this is customary, and like provisions are made in general and special acts and frequently the individual owner has to pay also for the water meter, sewer, gas and water connections, and, in paving districts, the sewer, gas, water, etc., are all required to be put down before the street is hard-surfaced, and often places are left for connections to be made. This is a sane and sensible police regulation, done in all modern, up-to-date cities, to keep the hard-surfaced pavements, frequently laid at great expense, from being torn up and destroyed. If this was not provided for, it would be hard on abutting owners, who usually pay most of this street improvement, and they may say that not doing this amounts to “destruction and confiscation” to us. The next complaint is: “With no requirement that the rates charged shall pay all operating expenses, allow for depreciation, and provide for the payment of the principal and interest, violate the rights of the plaintiff,” etc. This matter is one largely for, and must of necessity be *294 left to, the sound discretion of tbe municipal body, unless otherwise provided in the act. But section 136 of the act (Private Laws 1923, ch. 15, supra) seems reasonable and righteous: “So much of the net revenue derived in any fiscal year from the operation of any of the aforesaid systems of said public utilities after paying all expenses of operating, managing, maintaining, repairing, enlarging and extending such enterprise or any of them, shall be applied, first to the payment of the interest payable in the next succeeding year on bonds issued for such enterprises or any of them, and next to the payment of the amount necessary to be raised by tax in such succeeding year for the payment of the principal of said bonds, and next to the payment of the principal or interest payable in the next succeeding year on any other bonds issued by said city: Provided, however, that should there be a loss in any fiscal year from the operation of said systems of public utilities or either or any of them, then said loss shall be paid out of profits derived in a following year or years before said profits shall be applied to the purposes aforesaid: Provided further, that nothing herein contained shall in any way conflict with or supercede the Municipal Finance Act of North Carolina.” The plaintiff states that “The only practicable and available source of water supply is Knobb’s Creek, which the company from the beginning of its operations, in 1903, as well as did the predecessors of the company the rights of which predecessors the company acquired, have made use of said stream. The company has long had a dam across the creek, and, in 1919, obtained from the Legislature of North Carolina permission to erect a permanent dam. The city has prepared, introduced and caused to be passed a bill repealing the company’s right to dam the stream, the act giving the city the right to construct a dam across Knobb’s Creek.” It is conceded that Knobb’s Creek is one of the boundaries of Elizabeth City and a navigable stream, emptying into the Pasquotank Biver, which empties in turn into Albemarle Sound and then into the Atlantic Ocean. Some years ago, the company constructed a pile and timber dam with sluice gate across Knobb’s Creek, near the plaintiff company’s intake. This was done to prevent the backing up of the brackish water from the river and to stop inflow of refuse and rubbish from sawmills and to provide necessary storage and settlement. Under chapter 10, Private Laws 1919, plaintiff was authorized to build a permanent dam across said creek under conditions prescribed by said act. This was not done. The Legislature, at its session in 1923 (5 February, 1923) Private Laws, ch. 243, some four years after, repealed this act. There is no suggestion in any official act alleged in the bill that the city intends to use Knobb’s Creek as its source of water supply, except the legislative act giving it *295 the right. There is nothing in writing to show plaintiff’s right to this “navigable stream.?’ There is no legislative right given by the State or United States. It is public property. No condemnation by plaintiff is alleged, if under the charter it had the power. From the entire record, the plaintiff has used the water from a navigable stream, belonging to the sovereign, and sold it to the defendant city and its inhabitants and others, without any right in law so far as the record shows. Plaintiff seems to be a “squatter” on sovereign property, and the “take” is not exclusive, nor adverse, but permitted with no complaint by proper authorities. It used the public navigable stream and sold the public water without paying for it, now it complains that the Legislative branch of the Government had repealed, in 1923, the act of 1919, giving it a right to dam the stream, which plaintiff never did. To what extent the Legislature could give away a sovereign right, we are not now called upon to pass on. We do say that plaintiff should have no cause to complain in obtaining free public water all these years, transporting and selling it. It was said in Geer v. Water Co., 127 N. C., 353 (applying to non-navigable streams) : “This Court has repeatedly held that it requires the continuous and adverse use of an easement for 20 years to raise the presumption of a grant, and that even then the presumption extends only to the 'state and extent’ of such user during said period.” Pugh v. Wheeler, 19 N. C., 54. It seems to 'be well settled that “There can be no prescriptive right to maintain or continue a material obstruction in a navigable stream.” 29 Cyc., 310. C. S., 7540, is as follows: “All vacant and unappropriated lands belonging to the State shall be subject to entry by any citizen thereof, in the manner hereinafter provided, except, (1) Lands covered by navigable waters,” etc. Bell v. Smith, 171 N. C., p. 116. In S. v. Twiford, 136 N. C., p. 608, it is said: “The whole matter is thus summed up by Shaw, C. J., in Attorney-General v. Woods, 108 Mass., 436, 11 Am. Rep., 380: 'If water is navigable for pleasure-boating it must be regarded as navigable' water, though no craft has ever been put upon it for the purpose of trade or agriculture. The purpose of navigation is not the subject of inquiry, but the fact of the capacity of the water for use in navigation.’ It would be a serious detriment to the public if water, capable of such usefulness as here, can be made private property by buying up the adjacent land. The control of such water belongs to the public and is not appurtenant to the ownership of the shore. It is not a case 'where the tail goes with the hide.’ . . . Navigable waters are free. They cannot be sold or monopolized. They can belong to no one but the public and are reserved *296 for free and unrestricted use by the public for all time. Whatever monopoly may obtain on land; the waters are unbridled yet.” The case of Cuyahoga River Power Co. v. City of Akron, 240 U. S., p. 462, cited by plaintiff, is a different state of facts from the instant case. In that case Mr. Justice Holmes, writing the opinion, speaking of the allegations of the bill, says: “It alleges that the city does not intend to institute any proceedings against the plaintiff but intends to take its property and rights without compensation; that it is building a dam and has taken steps that will destroy the plaintiff’s rights; that it is insolvent; that the purpose of the ordinance and certain statutes referred to is to appropriate and destroy those rights without compensation ; that the defendant purports to be acting under the ordinance, and that in so acting it violates Article I, section 10, and the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. The plaintiff complains that “the bond ordinance is invalid in that the purpose is not in fact a public purpose, and that the city did provide in accordance with the requirements of the Municipal Finance Act, but did acts prohibited by. the State and Federal Constitution,” and “It is charged that the issuance of the bonds without a vote of the people is in violation of the State Constitution as construed by the highest State Court at the time of the organization of plaintiff and the issuance of its securities.” It relies on Const, of N. C., Art. VII, sec. I, which is as follows: “No county, city, town or other municipal corporation shall contract any debt, pledge its faith or loan its credit, nor shall any tax be levied or- collected by any officers of the same except for .the necessary expenses thereof,- unless by a vote of the majority of the qualified voters therein.” The contention of plaintiff is that in Mayo v. Washington, 122 N. C., p. 5 (1898—Electric Light Plant) and Thrift v. Elizabeth City, 122 N. C., p. 31 (1898—Waterworks), were held not a “necessary expense” and a vote of the people was necessary. In Fawcett v. Mount Airy, 134 N. C., 125 (19 December, 1903), these cases were overruled, and water and light were held to be a necessary expense. The Fawcett case has been followed time and time again, and it is well settled by the decisions of this State that water and lights are a “necessary expense.” There has never been any question about sewerage not being a “necessary expense.” On the record it appears that the defendant, in conformity with • the Municipal Finance Act passed by the General Assembly of North Carolina in 1917 (ch. 138, Public Laws 1917) and amendments thereto (Public Laws 1919, chs. 49, 178, 285, 291, and Spec. Ses. 1921, ch. 106), passed ordinances providing for the issue of $800,000 bonds for the city to construct water, sewer and electric light system. Plaintiff *297 conceded that the doctrine of these cases was reversed on 19 December, 1903,- by the decision in Fawcett v. Mount Airy, supra, but contends that snob reversal of judicial decision cannot affect the law as it has been declared in the former decisions and which they contend became a part of their contract of 1 June, 1903. Plaintiff’s contentions cannot prevail, its contract relied on expired on 31 May, 1913, and has not been renewed. It has been continued at will. Speaking on tbis question, Judge Woods, Circuit Judge, in a clear and concise opinion, in the case of Hill v. Elizabeth City, 298 Fed., 67, supra, says: “Tbe continuation of tbe service of tbe Light and Water Company and tbe acceptance of it by tbe city after tbe expiration of tbe express contract implied a contract of indefinite duration, terminable upon reasonable notice either by tbe city or by tbe company at such time and under such circumstances as may be consistent with tbe duty both owe to tbe inhabitants of tbe city. Denver v. Denver Union Water Co., 246 U. S., 178, 190. A long time must pass before tbe municipal system will be in operation; and there is nothing before us warranting a conclusion tbat tbe municipality will not give due notice to tbe public-service corporations tbat tbeir service is no longer desired.” Constitution United States, Art. I, sec. 10, in part, is as follows: “No state shall . . . pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts.” Tbe Fourteenth Amendment to tbe Constitution of tbe United States, in part, is as follows: “Sec. 1, . . . No state shall make or enforce any law wbicb shall abridge tbe privileges or immunities of citizens of tbe United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction tbe equal protection of tbe laws.” Constitution of North Carolina, Art. I, sec. 17, is as follows: “No person ought to be taken, imprisoned, or disseized of bis freehold, liberties, or privileges, or outlawed or exiled, or in any manner deprived of life, liberty or property but by the law of the land. Const. 1868; Const. 1776; Decl. Rights, sec. 12; Magna Carta (1215), ch. 39 (1225), ch. 29.” Black’s Constitutional Law (3 ed.), p. 596, says: “Tested rights are to be secured and protected by tbe law and a statute wbicb divests or destroys such rights, unless it be due process of law, is unconstitutional and void.” These provisions are fundamental and should be carefully and jealously guarded. We have treated only tbe main contentions of plaintiff, as set forth in its brief. We have gone carefully over tbe complaint, record and *298 statutes, and can find no infringement of these great constitutional provisions that it has invoked in this case. Under our government, municipalities have the right to own and operate water, sewerage and electric light systems. Defendant has a right to build these utilities under legislative authority, so far as it does no act prohibited by the Constitution or the law of the land. Municipal corporations have the same rights as individuals and private corporations, to battle for justice and equality of opportunity as they view it, in their sphere of uplift and endeavor, and*fequal rights should be given to all under the law. For the reasons given, the judgment below is Affirmed.