State v. . Tankersley

Hoke, J. We have given tbis case tbe careful consideration that the supreme importance of the issue demands, and are of opinion that the conviction of manslaughter cannot be sustained. The facts in evidence tended to show that on the night of 24 November, 1915, three fast passenger trains of the Southern Kailway departed from the station at Charlotte, N. C.,’going north via Salisbury, No. 32, the regular train from Jacksonville to New York, leaving Charlotte at 8 :06 p. m., second No. 32, the “Baseball Special,” leaving Charlotte at 8:10; No. 38, the S. W. Limited from New Orleans to New York, leáving Charlotte at. 8 :31; this last being a heavy train on a fast run and expected and required to make its schedule time. That first No. 32 arrived at Salisbury at 9 :14 and was allowed to proceed on up to the station; that second 32 arrived at Salisbury at 9 :30 and was stopped 1,200 feet south of the station on the main line of the north-bound track and not far south of the cross-switch, by which north-bound trains were let in on parallel side-tracks leading up to the station; there were three óf these side-tracks, all available to this train, if so directed, so far as the evidence shows; that this train remained on.the main track at the point indicated seven minutes, until 9 :3V, when it was run into by train No. 38, and two of its passengers killed, those mentioned in the bill of indictment, and many others seriously injured; that proceeding south from the position of second No. 32, the main tracks curve to the right, on a curvature of 2% to 3 degrees, which extends for about 600 feet, when the road again goes off at a tangent; that at or about the southern termination of this curve and at the ice factory crossing there is an electric signal, No. 3370, with double arms, the upper arm being to indicate conditions of the main tracks; that most of these block signals on the Southern Kailway have only one arm, but this and another just north of the station, No. 3363, have two; that further south, on the tangent, about 1,000 to 1,200 feet from the ice 'factory signal, there is another electric cautionary signal, its purpose being chiefly to give notice of conditions prevailing at the ice factory or block signal; that these two electric signals are controlled from the yard at Salisbury and that at the ice factory can be made to show only red lights, which called for a stop of approaching trains, and it can also show, by red upper and green Tower light, the conditions existent at the time of the catastrophe; that the main-line track switch is set for one of the diverging side-tracks and that the engineer can proceed to' the station, prepared to stop within the limits of his vision. The proof showed further *958 that the stop made by second No. 32 *was an irregular stop, and, when one of that character occurred, the flagman was required by the rules of the company to proceed immediately back and “protect his train”— “Go back eighteen telegraph poles and put down one torpedo, then go back nine poles and place two torpedoes, ten yards apart, then come back to one and remain until called in. If a first-class train is due within ten minutes he would have to stay there and come in on that train. If the evidence in this case should show that the special or second 32 was between the passenger station and the switch south of the crossover diverging switch into the station, it was the duty of the flagman to proceed back at once in accordance with Rule 99, and if train 38 was due to arrive at that point within ten minutes it was the duty of the flagman on second 32 to stay there and flag 38, inform them where his train was, and come in on the engine of 38. Rule 99 is a rule that applies to flagmen.” 2. That this was a most unusual stop, one of the State’s witnesses testifying that he had never known a passenger train stopped at that place since he had been connected with the Southern Railway, and, in view of the fact that a fast passenger train was scheduled to arrive in the course of a few minutes, a stay there of seven minutes was an inexcusable stop unless the train had been fully protected by proper and adequate signals, and the evidence is uncontradieted that no such protection was afforded or even attempted. Second No. 32 was provided with torpedoes and with a red lantern, but no flagman went back to place former, and no adequate attempt even was made to protect the train with a lantern. The conductor of second No. 32 testified that, after being there for a' few minutes, he saw the flagman at the end of the train with a white lantern, and he told him he had better go back and look out for 38; that the flagman had to go into his train and get his red lantern, and, almost immediately after he had started back, the light of No. 38 was seen as it came around the curve from the south. According to testimony, the flagman only got back about 200 feet, and there is much disinterested testimony to the effect that he did not leave the rear of his train. Again, under the circumstances disclosed by this evidence, with that train filled with passengers on the north-bound main line and south of the cross-over switch, with No-. 38 approaching around a curve and to arrive in a few minutes, these electric signals, by every rule of prudence, should have called to the engineer to stop. It was shown that it could have been done by a simple turn of the hand by some one in the yard; but no such warning was given. On the contrary, the testimony tends to show that the cautionary signal at *959 tbe cotton mill crossing gave indication that tbe track was clear and tbe ice factory signal gave no order to stop bis train, but that “tbe main line switch is set for one of tbe diverging tracks; proceed with caution and be prepared to stop witbin tbe limits of your vision.” Tbis, as argued by counsel, was at best an indeterminate signal, leaving much to tbe discretion of tbe engineer of tbe approaching train, “both as to speed, distance, and vision.” Tbe testimony on tbe part of tbe State varies as! to tbe exact speed to which defendant bad reduced bis train at tbe time of tbe collision, different witnesses giving it, by estimate, at 10, 15, 18, and 20 miles per hour; but, under tbe circumstances disclosed by tbe record, with only a signal of that character to guide him and with nothing whatever to show that there was a passenger train between him and tbe crossover switch or any likelihood of it, even if be bad not reduced bis train to tbe speed required by tbe highest prudence, or even if be did fail to stop it witbin 120 feet, tbe distance be was able to see ahead, around the curve, tbis, while it might be considered an error of judgment, or •even a negligent default on a civil issue, should not by any reasonable -or just estimate of bis conduct be imputed to him for a crime. The ■decisions of the courts have described in different terms' tbe kind of negligence required to constitute crime. In some of them it is said ■to be negligence that is “culpable and gross.” In others, that it must be such as to show a reckless disregard of tbe safety of others, etc., but all of tbe authorities are agreed that in order to bold one a criminal there must be a higher degree of negligence than is required to establish negligent default on a mere civil issue, and that in order to a conviction •of involuntary manslaughter, attributable to a negligent omission of •duty, when engaged in a lawful act it must be shown that a homicide was not improbable under all tbe facts existent at tbe time and which •should reasonably have an influence and effect on tbe conduct of tbe ■person charged. As apposite to tbe facts of tbis record, tbe position is very well stated in 1 McLean’s Criminal Law, see. 350, as follows: '“A negligence which will render unintentional homicide criminal is such carelessness or recklessness a.s is incompatible with a proper regard for "human life. An act of omission as well as commission may be so •criminal as to render death resulting therefrom manslaughter. But the omission must be one likely to cause death.” Many eases on tbe subject show this to be a correct statement of tbe principle and are against tbe validity of tbe present conviction. S. v. Vines, 93 N. C., 493; S. v. O'Brien, 32 N. J. L., 169; S. v. Moore, 129 Iowa, 514; S. v. Goetza, 83 Conn., 437; People v. Barres, 182 Mich., 179; Fergu *960 son’s case, Lewis Crim, cases, 181; 1 Russell on Crimes (9 Ed.), pp. 877-878; 21 Cyc., p. 765. Recurring to tbe facts in evidence, ás we are enabled to understand them, tbe defendant on tbe night in question was tbe engineer on a fast passenger train going north, and expected and required to make bis schedule, and was running on bis usual time. A cautionary signal 1,600 or 1,700 feet south of tbe switch gave no indication that tbe track ahead was obstructed in any way; another signal, 600 feet back, gave him no order to stop bis train, but only, “Switch turned for diverging track; proceed with caution, prepared to stop within the limit of your vision.” There were no torpedoes placed to warn him that a train, filled with unsuspecting and helpless passengers, was on the track ahead and exposed to destruction; not even a red lantern waved at any point likely to give him notice. There was not only nothing to warn him of the perilous position of second No. 32, but it was not shown that he had any knowledge of the existence of such a train on that night, and the only signal given him, to our apprehension, signified that there was no train between him and the- cross-over switch where he was notified to go in on a side track. On the record, therefore, defendant should not be convicted of the crime of manslaughter, because of an utter absence of proof that a homicide could have been reasonably expected to follow from anything that he did or omitted to do, and his motion to dismiss the case against him should have been allowed. This will be certified, to the end that the prosecution against the defendant be dismissed and that under the statute the judgment shall have the force and effect of a verdict of not guilty. Action dismissed.