Newton v. . Texas Co.

"WaleeR, J., after stating tbe case: We will consider tbe assignments of error in tbe order of their statement in tbe record. *563 Tbe first and third assignments, to the refusal of a nonsuit, are over-ruléd, as there was sufficient evidence for the jury to consider as to defendant’s negligence. Assignment No. 2 is untenable, as the postcard received the day after the explosion, containing the words, “New Year’s eve, then the explosion,” was incompetent, hearsay, and irrelevant, and no part of the res gestae. The judge properly excluded it. The court gave the instruction set forth in the fourth assignment, so far as it was proper that it should be given. There was evidence for the jury to consider that the ordinance of the city had been violated. But the plaintiff has more reason for an objection to the charge in this respect than has'the defendant, as it was less favorable to her than it should have been. The court substantially gave the instruction set forth in the fifth assignment of error. The court could not have given the instruction in the sixth and seventh assignments of error without passing upon the evidence, and usurping the function of the jury, and, in one respect, without withdrawing a material portion of the relevant evidence from the jury. The eighth assignment is substantially the same as the two in regard to the motion for a nonsuit, and must share their fate. The first and second exceptions to the instructions, as set forth in assignments nine and ten, were properly overruled. The explosion was an admitted fact, and should have been considered along with the other evidence. The plaintiff could not have made a beginning in the development of her case without this fact being considered. The court was only reciting the facts and circumstances, which were competent to be considered by the jury on the question of negligence. In other words, he was concatenating such facts, and not confining the jury to any one fact. He had a perfect right to tell the jury what evidence was relevant to the issues, if he did not give an opinion, as to whether the facts were fully or sufficiently proven, or intimate his opinion upon the weight of the evidence, but he is required “to state in a plain and correct manner the evidence in the case, and declare and explain the law arising thereon.” Eev., 535. It is not an expression of opinion merely to array the testimony in the case in a proper manner, and to instruct the jury as to what is and what is not evidence. If the defendant, by its negligence, produced a situation or condition of danger by allowing gasoline to escape from its warehouse and run down a street, where it would probably come in contact with fire, sparks from a passing engine or live ashes from a lighted cigar or cigarette dropped by a passerby, and the explosion was caused thereby, we do not see why this would not be negligence as much so as the act of a railroad company in permitting a spark to escape from a defective smokestack and fall on adjoining property, thereby injuring or destroying it. If *564 tbe negligence of tbe defendant, combined witb tbe act of some other person, and proximately injured tbe plaintiff, tbe defendant would be liable, tbougb be bad no connection witb tbe conduct of tbe third party, and no control over him. This was beld to be tbe law in Grand Trunk Rwy. Co. v. Cummings, 106 U. S., 700 (27 L. Ed., 266), and 1 Shearman & Redf. on Neg. (6 ed., by Street), sec. 39, where it is said to be universally agreed that if tbe damage is caused by tbe concurring force of tbe defendant’s negligence and some other cause, for which be is not responsible, including tbe “act of God” or superior human force directly intervening, tbe defendant is nevertheless responsible, if bis negligence is one of the proximate causes of tbe damage, within tbe definition already given. It is also agreed that if tbe negligence of tbe defendant concurs witb tbe other cause of tbe injury, in point of time and place, or otherwise so directly contributes to tbe plaintiff’s damage that it is reasonably certain that tbe other cause alone would not have sufficed to produce it, tbe defendant is liable, notwithstanding be may not have anticipated or been bound to anticipate tbe interference of tbe superior force, which, concurring witb bis own negligence, produced the damage. 1 Sh. & Redf. on Neg., sec. 39. Tbe defendant’s vessel, owing to bis negligence, struck, and was driven by tbe wind and tide, upon a sea-wall, damaging tbe same. In that state of tbe weather and tide, it was impossible to prevent this result, after tbe ship bad once struck: Held, that defendants were liable for tbe damage caused to tbe wall. Romney v. Trinity House, L. R. 5 Ex., 204; affirmed 7 Id., 247. An action lies by a passenger against a carrier if tbe injury occurred • in part from an unforeseen cause, and in part by negligence (Brehm v. Great Western R. Co., 34 Barb., 256). Tbe defendant bad wrongfully placed a dam across a stream on plaintiff’s land, and allowed it to remain there; being swept away by a freshet, tbe rush of water injured plaintiff’s property; defendant beld liable. Dickinson v. Boyle, 17 Pick., 78. See also notes to Sb. & Redf. on Negligence, sec. 39, and cases cited therein. In Grand Trunk Rwy. Co. v. Cummings, supra, Chief Justice Waite said: “If tbe negligence of tbe company contributed to it, it must necessarily have been an immediate cause of tbe accident, and it is no defense that another was likewise guilty of wrong.” Tbe same doctrine is fully discussed in Ridge v. R. R., 167 N. C., 510, where we said: “The inquiry must, therefore, always be whether there was any intermediate cause disconnected from tbe primary fault, and self-operating, which produced tbe injury. In this case there was no intermediate, or intervening, independent and efficient cause, which, operating alone, was sufficient of itself to break tbe connection between defendant’s negligence and tbe injury, and tbe primary wrong must be considered as reaching from tbe beginning to tbe effect, and, therefore, as proximate to it,”' *565 citing Kellogg v. Railroad Co., 94 U. S., 469, 475; Insurance Co. v. Boon, 95 U. S., 619; Steele v. Grant, 166 N. C., 635; Hardy v. Lumber Co., 160 N. C., at pp. 124, 125; Wade v. Contracting Co., 149 N. C., 177. Tbe rule bas been stated, by us as follows: “Where there are two causes cooperating to produce an injury, one of which is attributable to defendant’s negligence, the latter becomes liable, if together they are the proximate cause of the injury, or if defendant’s negligence is such proximate cause.” Ridge v. R. R., supra; Steele v. Grant, supra. Assignments twelve, thirteen, fourteen, and fifteen, relating to the ordinances, cannot be sustained. The court properly construed the ordinances, and the instruction attacked in the fifteenth assignment was more favorable to the defendant than it should have been, as the violation of a statute, or an ordinance, is negligence per se, or rather, to speak more accurately, it is itself a distinct wrong in law, and all that is needed to make it an actionable wrong is the essential element of proximate cause, for “wrong and damage” constitute a good cause of action if there be a causal connection between them. That the violation of a statute, or ordinance of a city or town, is negligence per se, or a distinct wrong in law, is the rule established by the more recent cases. Leathers v. Tobacco Co., 144 N. C., 330; Starnes v. Mfg. Co., 147 N. C., 556; Ledbetter v. English, 166 N. C., 130; McNeill v. R. R., 167 N. C., 390; Ridge v. High Point, 176 N. C., 424. We so held in Stone v. Texas Co., at this term. The maxim res ipsa loquitur was considered in Stone’s case, supra, but was not applied strictly by the judge in his charge to the jury. The defendant is contending in these cases that, while it had employed no watchman to guard its premises (which we say was the prudent course to have adopted), it had carried on its business for many years, and up to the time of the explosion, in practically the same way, using care to prevent the escape of gasoline and kerosene, and no accident had occurred. Does not this very contention make the rule, res ipsa loquitur apply here? If care had heretofore prevented injury, the jury might well infer that the continued use of care would likewise have done so, and that what did occur was due to its absence. But with a plant equipped with proper appliances for safety, gasoline should not have escaped, with the use of ordinary care, as it could get out of its container only through some opening. So that defendant is reduced to this dilemma, either it did not have proper safety appliances to prevent the escape of gasoline, or, if it did have them, they were not kept in proper condition, or some one of its employees negligently (or thoughtlessly, which is the same thing) left them open. If the spigots were closed, the contents of the drum, or tank, or whatever else was used for storing the gasoline, could not get out unless the containers themselves were defec *566 tive, which the defendant will be slow to admit. We do not say that these are the true or necessary inferences from the evidence, but that the jury were at liberty to draw them, and well warranted in doing so, not alone, perhaps, from the accident itself, from it and all the attendant circumstances. We do not perceive, though, how the defendant could have expected, or how it could have had a well-founded hope that the jury would find otherwise than they did. The license would not protect the defendant against the violation of the ordinance itself, treating Nos. 12 and 13 as one enactment, as the board issuing it was not clothed with authority to license its violation. The defendant did not construct its plant as provided in the ordinance, and it committed acts expressly prohibited by it. Whether its acts of omission or commission were the proximate cause of the injury to the plaintiff was a question for the jury, which has been decided against the defendant, under evidence from which such a conclusion could ligiti-mately be deduced. There was the gasoline (identified by the witnesses by its peculiar odor) flowing from the plant, or warehouse, down the street to and under the railroad, with several tracks and many engines passing and repassing directly over it, and one train passing just before the explosion, so close to the time when it occurred that the glass was shattered in the car windows. This exposed the highly volatile vapors, which were generated by contact with the air, to the very thing needed for the terrific explosion which followed. It was not necessary that any one should have seen sparks from the engine actually fall upon this stream of gasoline, as we have so often held in the cases where railroads have been held liable for causing fires in precisely the same way. Deppe v. R. R., 152 N. C., 19, Simmons v. Lumber Co., 174 N. C., 225, and other cases cited in Stone v. Texas Co., at this term. We said in the Simmons case, supra: “The cause of the fire is not required to be shown by direct and positive proof, or by the testimony of an eye-witness. It may, as we have seen, be inferred from circumstances, and there are many facts like this one which cannot be established in any other way. It is true that there must be a causal connection between the fire and its supposed origin, but this may be shown by reasonable inference from the admitted, known,' or proven facts.” But a case more directly to the point is Watson v. Ky. & Ind. Bridge & Rwy. Co., 127 S. W., 146: “If the presence on Madison Street in the city of Louisville of the great volume of loose gas, that arose from the escaping gasoline, was caused by the negligence of the" appellee, bridge and railroad company, it seems to us that the probable consequence of its coming in contact with fire and causing an explosion was too plain a proposition to admit of doubt. Indeed, it was most probable that some one would strike a match to light a cigar, or for other purposes, in the midst of the gas. In our *567 opinion, therefore, tbe act of one lighting or throwing a match under such circumstances cannot be considered to be the efficient cause of the explosion. It did not of itself produce the explosion, nor could it have done so without the assistance and contribution resulting from a primary negligence, if there was such negligence on the part of the appellee, bridge and railroad company, in furnishing the presence of the gas in the street.” The most reasonable and probable solution of this case is that one of the defendant’s employees, who was there the evening before the explosion occurred, carelessly left an opening in one of the tanks, or containers, from which the gasoline flowed from its warehouse into the street. There was circumstantial evidence to warrant such a conclusion. Defendant had possession, control, and management of its plant, and should have superior knowledge as to its condition 'to any one else. It has not given any satisfactory explanation of how the gasoline got into the street, and the plaintiff was left, as her last resort, to circumstantial evidence for the purpose of showing that the cause of it was attributable to the defendant. In numerous cases we have held that when a thing which causes injury is shown to be under the management of the defendant, and the accident is such as in the ordinary course of things does not happen, if those who have the management use the proper care, it affords reasonable evidence, in the absence of explanation by the defendant, that the accident arose from a want of care. Defendant replies to this that the thing which caused the injury was not under its management, but is that the fact, as the gasoline, which caused the explosion in conjunction with the fire, regardless of the source from which the latter came, was under its control and management, and it would have remained harmless if it had been properly stored, or watched and controlled. The defendant cannot, upon the evidence in the case, escape the full operation of this principle. Stewart v. Carpet Co., 138 N. C., 66; Womble v. Grocery Co., 135 N. C., 474; Fitzgerald v. R. R., 141 N. C., 530; Ross v. Cotton Mills, 140 N. C., 115, and especially Dail v. Taylor, 151 N. C., 284, and Cashwell v. Bottling Works, 174 N. C., 324. “It has sometimes been held not sufficient for the plaintiff to establish a probability of the defendant’s default, but this is going too far. If the facts proved render it probable that the defendant violated its duty, it is for the jury to decide it did so or'not. To hold otherwise would be to deny the value of circumstantial evidence.” Shearman & Redf. on Negligence, sec. 58; Cashwell v. Bottling Works, supra. “Direct evidence of negligence is not required, but the same may be inferred from acts and attendant circumstances; and if the facts proved establish the more reasonable probability that the defendant has been guilty of action *568 able negligence, the case cannot be withdrawn from the jury, though the possibility of accident may arise on the evidence.” Fitzgerald v. R. R., supra. The case was correctly tried under the guidance of the able and learned judge who presided at the hearing. No error.