State v. . Haywood

Smith, C. J. (after stating the facts). The authorities in this State fully settle these two propositions of law-: 1. The non-payment of taxes for the year preceding the first Monday in September, when the list is made of competent jurors, constitutes a disqualification to act. The Code, §§1722 and 1723; State v. Griffin, 74 N. C., 316; State v. Watson, 86 N. C., 624. 2. The objection to a grand juror who acted in passing upon the indictment, based on such incapacity, taken in apt time and in a proper manner, is fatal to the prosecution. The regular and appropriate method of making the objection under the general practice, when the fact upon which it depends does not appear in the record, but is outside, and to be established by proof, is by plea in abatement, and if it does so appear, by a motion to quash. In our practice, the distinction has not been recognized as important, and the motion to quash hasdeen held proper in either c.ase. It has the sanction of the Court, in State v. Liles, 77 N. C., 496, where a grand juror was disqualified by reason of his having a suit pending and at issue in the same Court, and for this personal defect, the indictment, on motion, was quashed. State v. Haywood, 73 N. C., 437; State v. Ghffin, 74 N. C., 316; State v. Barbee, 93 N. C., 498. And a plea in abatement for the same incapacity in one of the grand jurors, was sustained in State v. Smith, 80 N. C., 410, and it was held not necessary to show that he participated in the action of the body in finding the bill. *851 The objection, to be available, must be made in apt time, and if not made in apt time, is deemed to have been waived, and cannot be taken at a later stage in the progress of the cause. In the present case, it was interposed upon the arraignment, and before pleading to the charge, which the Court held, for the reasons stated in the ruling, too late to be entertained, and disallowed the motion. In this we think there is error. The regular way of raising the question of the competency of the grand jury, in the words of Bynum, J., “ is not by a motion to quash, but by plea on the arraignment for trial.” State v. Haywood, 73 N. C., 437. “The defendant is at liberty,” says Dillard, J., “to avail himself of any want of qualification in the grand jury, in whole or part, when called on to plead.” State v. Smith, 80 N. C., 410. “If there be a defect in the accusing body,” is the language of the same learned Judge in another case, decided at the same Term, “it is the right of the party indicted, by plea in abatement, or by motion to quash, to avail himself of such defect; but it is required to be exercised at the earliest opportunity after bill found, which must be upon the arraignment, when the party is just called upon to answer.” State v. Baldwin, Ibid., 390. The prisoner moved to quash the indictment, after he had pleaded not guilty, for an alleged defect in the organization of the grand jury, and it was declared by the Court, Ashe, J., delivering the opiniong, that “the objection came too late. It was not taken in apt time.” State v. Blackburn, Ibid., 474. “The non-payment of taxes, is held to disqualify a grand juror, and a defendant may avail himself of such disqualification, by a plea in abatement, if filed in apt time. What is meant by apt time is the arraignment of the defendant.” State v. Watson, 86 N. C., 624. But whatever difference may be supposed to exist as to the two methods of raising the objection, they are. removed and the praetiqe settled by statute, which provides, that “all exceptions to grand juries, for and on account of their disqualification, shall *852 be taken before the jury is sworn and impanelled to try the issue, by motion to quash the indictment, and if not so taken, the same shall be deemed to have been waived.” The Code, §1741. This law at once determines when the exception to a grand juror must be taken, and in what mode it must be done, or may be done. The defendant, when first called upon, did not plead to the charge, but on the suggestion of counsel appearing on his behalf, an inquiry was instituted before a jury, as to the defendant's mental condition, and legal capacity to conduct his defence and protect his own rights, and this preceded the entering of any plea to the indictment. The rendition of the verdict, in answer to this-inquiry, and the subsequent order setting it aside, left the cause in the same plight and condition as before, and it was then continued, “ without prejudice,” that is, without impairing any of the legal rights of the accused as they then existed, and among them, must be included the right to make the motion to quash. State v. Watson, supra. The motion to remove was prematurely made, since no issue had then been made as required by law. State v. Reid, 1 D. & B., 377; State v. Swepson, 81 N. C., 571. The overruled motion to continue, did not change the status of the prosecution, and hence, when again arraigned, the defendant had the manifest right to raise the objection to the grand juror, and he should have been afforded an opportunity to adduce proof of the alleged disqualifications, if such there was among the grand jury that found the last bill. It was argued for the State, that no evidence was offered upon the point, and consequently none excluded to the defendant’s injury. But when the Judge decided that the motion came too late, he necessarily decided that, he would hear no evidence in its support, nor entertain the motion itself. The error consists in not giving an opportunity for the introduction of any proof on the subject, when the motion was made in proper time. *853 Again, it may be suggested, that as the two indictments were found at different times, and by different' grand juries, and the competency of one only is called in question, the only effect of sustaining the motion, would be to quash the two counts constituting the last indictment, leaving the first uudisturbed, and as the verdict was general, the Court may proceed to judgment upon the unaffected count, not obnoxious to complaint, the others being regarded as stricken out, as if they had been quashed. But this cannot be allowed. Evidence was introduced of another act of forgery, ommitted upon a different person by the defendant, and received as applicable to the charge of uttering, and tending to show a guilty knowledge of the false making of that uttered, and was confined to that part of the charge. It would have been incompetent to prove one forgery, by showing that the accused had committed another, and this would have vitiated the trial of the siugle count contained in the original bill. The trial was not such as it would have been, had the last indictment been quashed and eliminated from the record, and the proofs would have been restricted, when confined to the single interpretation of an act of forgery. How far the jury may have been influenced by the admission of evidence, that would not have been heard in the latter case, it is not our province nor in our power, to ascertain. It is sufficient to say, that evidence, incompetent to sustain the first charge, was heard, and should not have been heard, if the motion to quash had prevailed. It is of the highest importance, that the rules of law should be observed in the administration of penal justice, and that every person accused of crime has all the safeguards provided for the purpose of securing a fair and legal trial, to which those whose sanction is found in the experience of ages, so largely contribute. A right to have a grand jury, competent under the law, to pass upon the accusation preferred, is guaranteed to all, and must be upheld. While we do not mean to decide that there was error in law, which enters into and vitiates the verdict in submitting the double issue, as was done in this case, of present insanity and guilt, to *854 the same jury, for this course has been pursued in other trials, Rex v. Little, Russ. and R., 430; Regina v. Southey, 4 Foster Fin., 864, cited in Bus well on Insauity, §461, and these furnish a precedent, it is most obviously fitting aud proper that the. inquiries should have been separated, and (hat the defendant’s capacity to enter upon a trial, should be determined before he is put upon the trial; for the trial would amount to nothing if the defendant has not the required capacity to defend himself against’ the charge. The very requirement to answer, prejudges the case-adversely to the prisoner, and must have an unfavorable influence upon the jury, in passing upon the issue. Besides, the blending of the inquiries, by allowing evidence pertinent to one, and incompetent to the other, notwithstanding the caution the Judge may give as to its consideration, may tend to confuse the minds of the jury, and to do injustice to the defendant. In State v. Harris, 8 Ired., 136, the preliminary inquisition was made by the jury as to the capacity of the prisoner, who from infancy had been a deaf mute, to understand and make defence to the charge, and this course was approved by the Court. In commenting on cases cited in the opinion, Battle, J., says “We have stated these cases with more than usual particularity, because they set forth clearly, the true grounds upon which a deaf and dumb prisoner, whose faculties have not been improved by the arts of education, and who, in consequence thereof, cannot be made to understand the nature and incidents of a trial, ought not to be compelled to go through, what must be to him, the senseless forms of such a trial. Whether arising from physical defect or mental disorder, he must, under such circumstances, be deemed not sane, and of course, according to the great authority of Lord Hale, he ought not to be tried.” There must be a new trial of the criminal charge contained in the indictment, while we see no sufficient reason for interfering with the finding upon the other, properly precedent in the regular order of proceeding. The verdict simply determines the defendant’s sanity at the time of the trial, but does not pre- *855 elude a similar inquiry hereafter, if any sufficient basis for it is laid before the Judge, to warrant its being submitted to a jury, of an insanity since supervening, and still existing. People v. Farrell, 31 Cal., 576. This will be certified, to the end that the verdict of guilty be set aside, with whatever was done since the erroneous ruling upon the motion to quash, and the cause proceed as upon the arraignment, in accordánce with this opinion. Error. Reversed.