Union Bank of Richmond v. Commissioners of Oxford

Clarií, J.: When this ease was here before (116 N. C., 339) the Court set aside the non-suit taken below and held that the plaintiff could maintain an action-as the case was then presented. The Court did so upon the ground that, there being apparently a valid liability of $40,000 against the town of Oxford, the compromise thereof for the sum of $20,000 was not necessarily void, and that the court *220 below erred in non-suiting the plaintiff. The case had been tried upon the view that the charter of the town of Oxford authorized the election under which the $40,000 indebtedness was contracted. The judge below held that this was not so, and hence that the compromise was not binding. This Court sustained the view taken below, that the town charter did not authorize the contraction of the indebtedness, but held that, on its face, the act chartering the railroad (Acts 1891, Oh. 315, Sec. 10,) authorized the election. The question as to the efficacy of that act had not been questioned below, as the plaintiff had rested its claim upon the authority of the town charter to sustain the election. The questions decided before need not be called in controversy. We must take it that our former opinion settles that the town had authority to compromise a valid liability for a smaller sum, and that the Act of 1891, Ch. 815, on its face, authorized the election. When the second trial was had below the point was taken for the first time, that, conceding, as this Court had held, that the Act of 1891, Ch. 315, by its terms authorized the election, that act was invalid because not passed as required for all acts empowering counties, cities and towns to issue bonds. The Constitution, Art. II., Sec. 14. This section of the Constitution is imperative and not recommendatory, and must be observed; otherwise this wise and necessary precaution inserted in the organic law would be converted into a nullity by judicial construction. It was intended as a safeguard, and has been held mandatory in all other courts in which that question has been presented, as will be seen below. This point was not raised below in the former trial, nor in this Court, as the plaintiff was then relying upon the charter of the town, which we held invalid for that purpose. On this second trial, when the plaintiff *221 offered for the first time the Act of 1891, Oh. 315, as authority to show a valid election authorizing the indebtedness of $40,000 as a basis to authorize the compromise, (for, except as a compromise, the judgment would be void on its face, being ultra vires,) the defendant contended that the Act of 1891, Oh. 315, while valid as a railroad charter, was unconstitutional and void so far as authorizing the creation of an indebtedness by the town, because not enacted in the manner required by the Constitution, Art. II., Sec. 14. The Journals were putin evidence and showed affirmatively that the act was not read three several days in eaeh House, and that the ayes and noes were not entered on the readings in the House, as required by the Constitution for acts authorizing the creation of public indebtedness. The point, therefore, thus arises for the first time in ihis case, and was not presented and could not be presented in the former appeal for the reasons above given. The point is one of transcending importance, and is simply whether the people, in their organic law, can safeguard the tax-payers against the creation of State, county and town indebtedness by formalities not required for ordinary legislation, and must the courts and the Legislature respect those provisions ? This safeguard is Section 14 of Article II. of the Constitution. It provides : “No law shall be passed to raise money on the credit of the State, or to pledge the faith of the State, directly or indirectly, for the payment of any debt, or to impose any tax upon the people of the State, or to allow the counties, cities or towns to do so, unless the bill for the purpose shall have been read three several times in each House of the General Assembly and passed three several readings, which readings shall have been on three different days and agreed to by each House respectively, and unless the yeas and nays, on the second and third reading of the bill, *222 shall have been entered on the Journal.” The Journals offered in evidence showed affirmatively that ‘l the yeas and nays on the second and third reading of the bill” were not “ entered on the Journal.” And the Constitution, the supreme law, says that, unless so entered, no law authorizing State, counties, cities or towns to pledge the faith of the State or to impose any tax upon the people, &c., shall be valid. This case has no analogy to Carr v. Coke, 116 N. C., 223. That merely holds that when an act is certified to by the Speakers as having been ratified, it is conclusive of the fact that it was read three several times in each House and ratified. Const., Art. II., Sec. 23. And so it is hei'e; the certificate of the Speakers is conclusive that this act passed three several readings in each House and was ratified. The certificate goes no further. It does not certify that this act was read three several days in each House and that the yeas and nays were entered on the Journals. The Journals were in evidence and showed affirmatively the contrary. The people had the power to protect themselves by requiring in the organic law something further, as to acts authorizing the creation of bonded indebtedness by the State and its counties, cities and towns, than the fact certified to by the Speakers of three readings in each House, and ratification. This organic provision plainly requires, for the validity of this class of legislation, in addition to the certificates of the Speakers, which is suffi-cientHor ordinary legislation, the entry of the yeas and nays on the Journals on the second and third reading in each^House. It is provided that such laws are “ no laws, ” i. e., are void unless the bill for the purpose shall have been read three several times in each House of the General Assembly and passed three several readings, which readings shall have been on three different days, and *223 agreed to by each House respectively, and unless the yeas and nays on the second and third reading of the bill shall have been entered on the Journal. This is a clear declaration of the nullity of such legislation unless this is done, and every holder of a State or municipal bond is conclusively fixed with notice of this requirement as an essential to the validity of his bond. If he buys without ascertaining that constitutional authority to issue the bond has thus been given, he has only himself to blame. 1 Dill. Mun. Corp., 545, and cases cited. It is certainly in the power of the sovereign people in framing their Constitution to require as a prerequisite for the validity of this class of legislation these precautions and the additional evidence in the Journals that they have been complied with, over and'above the mere certificate of the Speakers which is sufficient for other legislation. That the organic law does require the additional forms and the added evidence of the Journals is plain beyond power of controversy. Accordingly, the law is well settled by nearly one hundred adjudicated cases in the courts of last resort in 30 states, and also by the Supreme' Court of the United States, that where a State Constitution prescribes such formalities in the enactment of laws as require a record of the yeas and nays on the legislative Journals, these Journals are conclusive as against not only a printed statute published by authority of law7, but also against a duly enrolled act. The following is a list of the authorities, in number 93, sustaining this view either directly or by very close analogy. It is believed that no Federal or State authority can be found in conflict with them. Decisions can be found, as for instance Carr v. Coke, supra, to the effect that where the Constitution contains no provision requiring entries on the Journal of particular matters, such, for *224 example, as calls of the yeas and nays on a measure in question, the enrolled act cannot in such case be impeached by the Journals That, however, is a very different proposition from the one involved here, and the distinction is adverted to in Field v. Clark, 143 U. S., on p. 671. The authorities are as follows : Alabama —48 Ala., 115 ; 54 Id., 599 ; 58 Id., 546; 60 Id., 361; 77 Id., 597; 82 Id., 562. Arlcansas —19 Ark., 250; 27 Id., 366 ; 32 Id., 496; 33 Id., 17; 40 Id., 200; 51 Id., 559. California —8 Sawyer, 238 ; 54 Cal., 111; 69 Id., 479. Colorado —5 Col., 525 ; 11 Id., 489 ; 20 Id., 279. Florida —31 Fla., 291 Georgia—23 Ga., 566. Illinois —14 Ill.,297 ; 17 Id., 151; 25 Id., 181; 35 Id., 121; 38 Id., 174; 43 Id., 77; 62 Id., 253 ; 68 Id., 160 ; 120 Id., 322. Indiana —7 Ind., 683 ; 11 Id., 43. Iowa —60 Iowa, 543. Kansas—15 Kans., 194; 17 Id., 62; 26 Id., 724. Kentucky —93 Ky., 537. Louisiana —44 La., Ann., 223. Maryland —41 Md., 446 ; 42 Id., 203. Michigan —2 Gibbs, 287; 1 Doug., 351 ; 2 Mich., 191; 13 Id., 481 ; 22 Id., 104; 55 Id., 94; 59 Id., 610 ; 64 Id., 385 ; 72 Id., 446 ; 79 Id., 59 ; 80 Id., 593 ; 97 Id., 589. Minnesota —2 Minn., 330 ; 24 Id., 78 ; 38 Id., 143 ; 45 Id., 451. Missouri —4 Mo., 303 ; 71 Id., 266. Nebraska —4 Neb., 503 ; 18 Id., 236 ; 20 Id., 96. Nevada —19 Nev., 391. New Hampshire —35 N. H., 579; 52 Id., 622. *225 New York —8 N. Y., 317 ; 42 Id., 379 ; 54 Id., 276 ; 130 Id., 88; 2 Hill, 31; 4 Hill, 384; 1 Denio, 9 ; 2 Denio, 97; 23 Wend., 134. Ohio —20 Ohio St., 1. Oregon —21 Ore., 566. Pennsylvania —26 Pa. St., 446. South Carolina —12 S. C., 300 ; 13 Id., 46. Tennessee —6 Lea, 549 ; 86 Tenn., 732 ; 87 Id., 163 ; 91 Id., 596. Texas —81 Tex., 230 ; 22 Tex. Ap., 396. Virginia—79 Va., 269. West Virginia —5 W. Va., 85. Wisconsin —45 Wis., 543; 64 Id., 323 ; 80 Id., 407. Wyoming —1 Wy., 85 ; Id., 96. United States —6 Wall., 499; 94 U. S., 260; 105 Id., 667. Of these cases, especially pertinent are 94 U. S., 260 ; 105 Id., 267; 42 N. Y., 379; 45 La., Ann., 223; 71 Mo., 266, and 22 Texas App., 396. To same purport are Black’s Constitutional Law, Secs. 31, 102; Cooley Constitutional Lim. (6th Ed.), 156, 163, 168; Smith Const. Lim., 833 ; Story Const., 590 ; Sedgwick Stat., 539, 551 ; Cush. Leg. Assemb., Sec. 2211; 1 Whart., 3 Ed., 260 ; 1 Greenleaf Ev., 491. Constitutional requirements as to the style of acts or the manner of their passage are mandatory not directory. State v. Patterson, 98 N. C., 660, 663, 665. The 30 days’ notice required before the passage of a private act is not required by the Constitution tobe entered on the Journals, as is required as to the readings on several days, and the ayes and noes on each reading, with bills authorizing the contraction of public indebtedness, and hence it may be that the giving of such 30 days’ notice is conclusively pre *226 sumed as to such private acts (Harrison v. Gordy, 57 Ala., 49; Walker v. Griffith, 60 Ala., 361) though the contrary was intimated in Gatlin v. Tarboro, 78 N. C., 119. The history of the country at large, and of this State as well, has- shown the necessity of this safeguard as to acts authorizing the creation of public indebtedness, which has been incorporated also into several other State Constitutions. "We have no power nor wish to nullify so plain and mandatory a provision, so carefully and explicitly worded, and which has been held binding by all other courts wherever the question has been presented. The judgment on its facéis by consent and for a railroad subscription. It is therefore on its face to be treated as void, being ultra vires, unless a special authority is shown authorizing the indebtedness for which it was a compromise (Kelly v. Milan, 127 U. S., 150); for, ex virtute offieii, town commissioners have no authority whatever to bind the town by submitting to a consent judgment for $20,000 for a matter appearing on the face of the judgment to be not for town purposes. If the Commissioners of the town were vested with no authority to create the debt, they certainly could not acquire such power by entering into a consent judgment. The consent judgment entered into by the town authorities could not bind the town to a subscription to a railroad unless the power to subscribe or donate had been legally granted by the Legislature. Consent judgments are in effect merely contracts of partii-s, acknowledged in open court and ordered to be recorded. As such they bind the parties themselves thereto as fully as other judgments, but when parties'act in a representative capacity such judgments do not bind the cestuis que trusteni unless the trustees had authority to act, and when (as in the present case) the parties to the action, *227 the town authorities, had, as appears above, no authority to issue the bonds, their honest belief, however great, that they had such power would not authorize them to acquire such power and bind the town by'cousenting to a judgment. It is not a question of a fraudulent judgment but a void judgment from want of authority to consent to a decree to bind principals — the tax payers — for whom they had no authority to create an indebtedness by consenting to a judgment, any more than they would have had by issuing bonds. If authorized to create the indebtedness, either the bonds or the-consent judgment would be equally an estoppel, but as they had no such authority neither bonds nor judgment is binding on the tax-payers. It is not their bond nor judgment. In Kelly v. Milan, supra, Blatcheokd, J., says:, “The declaration of the validity of the bonds contained in the decree was made solely in pursuance of the consent to that effect contained in the agreement signed by the mayor and the officers of the railroad company. The act of the mayor in signing that agreement could give no validity to the bonds, if they had none at the time the agreement was made.The adjudication in the decree, under the circumstances, cannot be set up as a judicial determination of the validity of the bonds. This was not the case of a submission to the court of a question for its decision on the merits, but was aconsentin advance to a particular decision by a person who had no right to bind the town by such consent, because it gave life to invalid bonds, and the authorities of the town had no more power to do so than they had to issue the bonds originally.” In Tex. & Pac. R. R. v. So. Pacific Co., 137 U. S., 48, 56, Fuller, C. J., says: “The decrees were entered by consent and in accordance with the agreement, the courts merely exercising an administrative function in recording what had been agreed to between the parties,” and *228 hence holds that the Federal Courts in disregarding such decrees were not violating the rule that due effect, must be given to the determination of the matter by a State court having jurisdiction. In Lawrence Mfg. Co. v. Janesville, 138 U. S., 552, Fullee, C. J., again says : “ The prior decree was the consequence of the consent (of parties) and not the judgment of the court; and, this being so, the court had the right to decline to treat it as res judicata,” citing many cases, among them our own case of Lamb v. Gatlin, 22 N. C., 37, infra, and refused to execute a former decree, saying : “ As, therefore, if the old company had defended the suit against it, it would have prevailed, the decree of the circuit court being correct upon the merits, it is also correct in that the court refused to be constrained by the previous erroneous consent decree to decree contrary to the right of the cause.’’ In Gay v. Paspart, 106 U. S., 679, Miller, J., says (p. 698) : “Such decree as was had, being dependent upon consent, did not operate as a judicial decision by the court.” This treatment of consent decrees prevails thus in law as well as equity, Kelly v. Milan, supra, being an action at law to recover judgment on bonds issued in aid of a railroad, and the other cases above cited being in equity. In Brownsville Taxing District v. Loge, 129 U. S., 493, 505, which is substantially like the present, being an application for a mandamus to compel the levying of a tax to pay a judgment rendered on interest coupons of bonds, Fullee, O. J., says: “ The Court cannot decline to take cognizance of the fact that the bonds are utterly void, and no such remedy exists. Bes judicata may render straight that which is crooked, and black that which is white — -facit ex curvo rectum, ex albo nigrum — but where application is made to collect judgments by process not contained in themselves and requiring to be sustained, *229 reference to the alleged canse of action upon which they -are founded, the aid of the court should not be granted when upon the face of the record it appears, not that mere error supervened in the rendition of such judgment, but that they rest upon no cause of action whatever.” So, in the present case, even if the former judgment had not been by consent, it appears that there was no authority to issue the bonds, and the courts will not issue mandamus to levy a tax to pay such judgment. In Lamb v. Gatlin, 22 N. C., 37, (cited and approved by the Supreme Court of the United States ut supra,) Gaston, J., says, as to the effect of a consent judgment by an executor, that it did not bind the beneficiaries of the estate, as here the tax-payers are not bound by the consent judgment entered into by the town authorities, because “ it is not in truth a decree in invitum, and by a judgment of the court to which the defendant was compelled to submit, and which, therefore, would not only bind him, but those also for whose benefit he held the estate, unless it can be impeached for fraud ; but it is a voluntary settlement between the defendant and the persons then claiming, which the parties to that settlement have chosen to invest with the forms of a judicial determination. The decree_was avowedly adopted because it was made by the parties. A decree thus rendered as against the present plaintiffs (who were the principals whom the defendant in the consent judgment represented) has no force except so far as it is seen to be just.” There are other authorities to the like effect and purport, but the above will suffice. A recital of facts which the corporate officers had no authority to determine, or a recital of matters of law, do not estop the corporation. Dixon Co. v. Field, 111 U. S., 83 ; Bank v. Porter Township, 110 U. S., 608. The certificate of the Speakers is not good for more than it *230 certified, i. e. that the bill has been read three times in each House and ratified. And ordinarily that makes the bill a law. Bnt for this class of legislation the Constitution provides that the facts thus certified by the Speakers will make no law unless it further appears that the yeas and nays have been recorded on the Journals on the second and third reading in each House. The Constitution makes the entry on the Journals essential to the validity of the act. If it be conceded that presumption of regularity arises from the publication of the act in this case, it was rebutted, for the Journals were offered by the defendant, and showed that no constitutional authority had been conferred to issue the bonds or contract the indebtedness. It is incumbent upon the purchaser of municipal bonds to examine whether the power to issue has been duly granted. Lake v. Graham, 130 U. S., 674 ; East Oakland v. Skinner, 94 U. S., 255 ; 1 Dillon Mun. Corp., 245. The bonds, having been issued without authority, were absolutely void. Marsh v. Fulton Co., 10 Wall., 676 ; Clarke v. Hancock, Co., 27 Ill., 305. The payment of interest is no ratification, for there can be no ratification when there is want of power. Doon v. Cummins, 142 U. S., 376 ; Daviess Co. v. Dickinson, 117 U. S., 657, 665 ; Norton v. Shelby Co., 118 U. S., 425, 451 ; Lewis v. Shreveport, 108 U. S., 282, 287. In instructing the jury upon the evidence to find the issues in favor of the plaintiff there was error. Error. Faikcuoth, O. J., dissents.