Buffkin v. . Baird Roper

RodmaN, J. The two writings executed by the plaintiff and by the defendants, respectively, formed a single contract, by which the plaintiff was bound to convey to the defendants a good title to three-fourths of the Sawyer land within one hundred days, and the defendants were bound on receiving such title to pay the plaintiff $3,300. Ordinarily, it is proper to consider first the right of the *288 plaintiff to recover, as unaffected by any supposed defence. But in this case it will be convenient first to consider and dispose of a defence which goes to the foundation of the contract, and, which if it could be maintained, would render any further consideration of the case unnecessary. The defendants allege that they were induced to enter into the contract with the plaintiff, through his representation that he owned one-fourth of the land, and could control the title to an additional half, which representation turned out to he false in both particulars. The jury find that the defendants were not induced to make the contract by misrepresentation. They do not say there was no misrepresentation. It appears from the complaint that the plaintiff* claimed to own one fourth of the land when the contract was made; and also, when the action was brought, which fact he says was known to the defendants at the making of the contract. In this claim, it seems from the case, he was mistaken, as Mrs. Moore owned one-half the land, and the Cow-pers the other half. Whether the misrepresentation or mutual mistake, as to the plaintiff’s estate in the land, induced the defendants to enter into the contract, is matter of law, and we are of opinion that taken in connection with the plaintiff’s statement to the defendants that he did not own the other three-fourths, it was not such a material inducement as would require a court of equity to set aside the contract by reason of it. It was immaterial to defendants whether the plaintiff at the time of the contract owned any estate in the lands or not, provided he performed his contract by buying from the actual owners. This was evidently the view of the defendants, as when they discovered the mistake, as they say they very soon did, they gave no notice to the plaintiff of their intention to rescind the contract, but permitted him to continue to act upon it as if it was in force. This defence, therefore, may be put out of view. We return now to the consideration of the plaintiff’s case. Is it clear that the conveyance of a good title to three-fourths of the land by plaintiff, or a tender of a conveyance, *289 was a condition precedent to the liability of the defendants to pay him the sum stipulated for. If a person contracts to do a certain entire act, for whieh he is to receive a certain sum, he cannot recover the price as upon a complete performance, notwithstanding it was prevented by inevitable accident. Cutter v. Powell, 1 Smith, L. C., 1, and notes; Appleby v. Myers, E. L. R., 2 C. P.; Young v. Jeffreys, 4 Dev. & Bat. 216; White v. Brown, 2 Jones, 403; Brewer v. Tysor, 3 Jones, 180; Mizell v. Burnett, 4 Jones, 249; Nibbett v. Herring, Id., 262; Dula v. Cowles, 7 Jones, 290. The complaint, however, is not framed upon the idea that the plaintiff is entitled to recover upon the express contract. The plaintiff contends that there results from the express terms of the contract, a promise by defendants that they will do nothing within the oné hundred, days to prevent plaintiff from performing his part of the -contract, for the breach of whieh he is entitled to damages. It cannot be doubted that when a party to a contract (as the defendant in the present ease) by his fault or wrong, prevents the other from fully per forming his part of the contract, the party thus in fault cannot be permitted to take advantage of his own wrong and screen himself from payment for what has been done under the contract. 2 Pars. Cont., 523. But the defendants in the present case do not admit that by their contract they restricted themselves from buying the land in question for any time whatever. They argue that it is no more than if they had-made a contract with plaintiff for the delivery to them of a quantity of corn, within a certain time, for a certain price, which would not prohibit them from offering a higher price for other corn, although the incidental effect might'be to raise the price, and perhaps throw a loss on the plaintiff. ¥e think, however, the eases are not analagous, and that there was an implied contract on the part of the defendants to do nothing within the hundred days to prevent the plaintiff from -buying the land. This was held in the case of Marshall v. Craig, 1 Bibb. (Ky.,) 379. It is clear, upon common sense and numerous authorities, that *290 inasmuch as the defendants made it impossible for the plaintiff to comply with his contract, they discharged him from it, and would not be entitled to recover anything from him by reason of his failure to perform. Com. Dig., condition L., 6. We think it follows from what has been said that the plaintiff is entitled to recover some damages from the defendants by reason of their injurious interference. We have found it more difficult to say what should be the measure of damages. This is a question of law, although the jury must apply the rules of law to the facts, if they be in dispute. His Honor, the Judge below, was of opinion that the plaintiff was entitled to recover the difference between what defendants actually paid for three-fourths of the land, and what they had agreed to pay plaintiff for it, thus putting the plaintiff in the situation he would have been in if, without trouble or other expense, had he bought within the hundred days, at the price at which the defendants bought. Expressions may be found in the text books, to the effect that if one party be prevented from performing his contract by the act or default of the other, he is in the same condition as if he had performed it. But an examination of the cases (so far as I have been able to examine them) will show, that this doctrine applies only : 1. To protect the party failing to perform from an action by the party preventing him. 2. Perhaps also in cases where the plaintiff has agreed to do work or furnish materials which defendant has prevented being fully done, and the like cases in which it was certain that but for the unlawful act or default of the defendant the contract could have been performed, and the labor and expense of the plaintiff in performing it could be calculated from certain data, and consequently his profits upon performance, which may thus not unjustly be made the measure of damages. Masterton v. Mayor of Brooklyn, 7 Hill, (N. Y.) 61; Sedgwick on Damages, 223, Bingham v. Biehardson, 1 Winst., 217. 3. And to cases in which the plaintiff has substantially, al *291 though not literally, performed his contract, as in Ashcraft v. Allen, 4 Ired., 96. Whatever may be said of such cases, we think that this rule will not apply to a case like the present. It is impossible to say with certainty, that the plaintiff would or could have bought the land at the price at which defendants bought it, and within the time allowed him; and also what would have been his expense and labor in doing so. The owners might have refused to sell at all, or refused except at a price greater than the plaintiff was to receive, or might have died before selling, in which case the contract by its terms was to have no effect. The damages would have to be calculated as under the conditions existing at the time of the breach of defendants’ contract, and the success of the plaintiff at that time was subject to contingencies which did not admit of a certain calculation. His anticipated profits were merely precarious and speculative, and it cannot be said with certainty that he has sustained any damage beyond the value of his labor and expense. To give to the plaintiff the full benefit of the defendants’ purchase, as if made by the plaintiff, would be to give to him the benefit of the defendants’ labor, skill and good fortune without exertion on his part. It may be useful too to observe what damages the defendants could have recovered of' the plaintiff in case he had failed to procure a title without the-excuse of an act of theirs. They could not have recovered’ the difference between what they were to pay the plaintiff,, and any greater price which they might afterwards have paid. The authorities are that where a vendee has paid nothing, he-can, in general recover nominal damages only, upon an inability in the vendor to make title. Sedgwick on Damages, 183; Flurean v. Thornhill, 2 W. Bl., 1078 ; Worthington v. Warrington, 8 Man. Gr. & S., 133; Hopkins v. Grazebrook, 6 Barn. &Cres., 31; Robinson v. Harmon, 1 Ex., 850; Allen v. Anderson, 2 Bibb., 415; Nichols v. Freemam, 11 Ired., 99, does not resemble the case supposed. In the present case the plaintiff is entitled to recover for his. *292 labor and expense in endeavoring to perform bis contract, as upon a qxiantum. meruit. Such we think is the rule established by the modern authorities. 2 Pars. Con., 523. In Blanche v. Colburn, 8 Bing., —, the plaintiff had agreed to write a treatise on ancient armor to be published by defendants in a serial publication called the Juvenile Library. Defendants were to pay plaintiff'£100 for the work. The plaintiff had prepared about one half of his work, and had incurred some expense, when defendant abandoned his serial publication, and refused to receive the treatise of tJM^fiaintiff, or to pay him any part of the compensation. It was held that the plaintiff was entitled to recover, not the price of the treatise as ■if he had completed it, but upon a quantum meruit for the labor ■he had done, which the jury had found to be $50. Similar in principle to this are the numerous cases which ¡hold that where a plaintiff who has been employed for a year, at a yearly sum, has been wrongfully dismissed during the •year, he cannot recover the whole year’s wages, as if he had ■ served during the whole year, but only for the service actually •performed, and in some cases with an addition of damages by reason of inability to find other employment. The statement doubtingly made in Smith’s notes to Cutter v. Powell, that perhaps a servant wrongfully dismissed might wait until the end of the year and recover as upon a constructive service, has not been approved in England or in the United States. Goodman v. Pocock, 15 Ad. &. Ell., (2 B.,) 576; Ellerton v. Emmens, 6 Man. Gran. & Scott, 178, (60 E. C. L. R.;) Woodly v. Bond, 66 N. C., 397 ; Alges v. Alges, 10 Serg. & Rawle, 235. In this last case the language of GibsoN, J., is so terse as to deserve quoting: ‘‘•Here the plaintiff below claimed to recover for the whole time for which he had been employed, on the ground that an act, the performance of which has been prevented by the person for whose benefit it was to be performed, shall, as to him, be taken to have been actually performed. This holds so far *293 as to givetan action on the contract where actual performance would otherwise have been a condition precedent, bnt not to create an implied promise to compensate the party as if the act were actually performed.” See also Perkins v. Hart, 11 Wheat., 237. There was an error in the instructions of bis Honor. Pee Cueiam. Venire de novo.