Warlick v. . White

Ruffin, J. The opinion of this court is against the defendants upon both of the propositions stated in the case. By the rule of the common law, which regards man and wife as one, every deed of gift made directly from husband to wife is void. But a court of equity, having a greater regard to the intention and convenience of the parties, and treating the deed merely as a defective conveyance, will uphold it in favor of the wife, if a clear and present purpose on the part of the husband to make the gift, can be seen, and the gift itself appear to be no more than a reasonable provision for the wife. But in the early case of Elliott v. Elliott, 1 Dev. & Bat. Eq., 57, this court intimated that under no circumstances would it interpose to remedy a defective conveyance in behalf of a wife, whose own conduct had not been meritorious; thoughas therewas in the case another clear ground, besides the wife’s delinquency, on which to rest the decision, the court did not press that matter further. The opinion thus advanced in that case, has since been referred to by another eminent judge, and in terms of such evident approbation, as to give to it much of the weight and authority of a positive adjudication. Paschall v. Hall, 5 Jones Eq., 108. And if there be any virtue in analogy, it is most strongly *142 supported by the current of decisions of the English chancellors with reference to a kindred matter. In Carr v. Esterbrooke, 4 Ves., 145, a wife, who was separated from her husband upon the ground of adultery, petitioned the chancellor to have a sum of money belonging to her, settled to her separate use, but the order was refused upon the ground of delinquency. A like refusal and for a like reason was made by the same chancellor in Ball v. Montgomery, 2 Ves., 189, and again by Lord Hardwicke in Watkyns v. Watkyns, 2 Atk., 96. All these cases are brought forward in Roper on Husband and Wife, 275, and the deduction made from them by the author, is, that if a wife be an adulteress living apart from her husband, no court will interfere to have a settlement made for her, even out of her own choses, “because she is unworthy of the court's notice or interference.” Such being the tendency of the decisions, both here and elsewhere, this court could not feel at liberty to interpose and give effect to an instrument, which the law pronounces inoperative, in behalf of a wife possessing so little claim to consideration as the present feme defendant, but will rather leave the law to determine the rights of the parties. Indeed, would it not be manifestly inconsistent to do so, and make provision for her out of her husband’s estate, when we are obliged to take notice of the fact that if he were now living and seeking a divorce, the court would be bound to grant it, under the existing circumstances, and thereby dissolve every bond between the parties and shut her out from all participation in his estate? Circumstanced as she is, she is forced to seek the aid of a court of equity to give effect to her husband’s intentions in her favor; and the court, finding her unworthy of its interference, simply declines to act, upon the principle now conceded that he who seeks equity must do so with clean hands-. In considering the point as to the extravagance of the *143 provision attempted to be made, it must be borne in mind that by means of the deed and the bill of sale, executed together and both to take effect upon delivery.it was intended to pass the whole estate of the husband, real and personal, immediately to the wife. The question, therefore, is exactly the same "as if he were living and the attempt to set up the deed was directed against him, and not his heir. The leading case on the subject is Beard v. Beard, 3 Atk., 72, in which Loud Hardwicke emphatically pronounced it to be against the policy of the law of England, that any husband should exhaust his estate and impoverish himself in an effort to make a provision for his wife, and that the court would not uphold a conveyance from him to her, if such should be its effect. Still more to the point is 2 Story’s Equity Jurisprudence, § 1374, where it is said that if a husband should by deed grant all his estate or property to his wife, the. deed would be held inoperative in equity, as it would be in law; for it could in no just sense be deemed'a reasonable provision for her, which is all that-the courts of equity hold the wife entitled to; and in giving her the whole, he would surrender all his interests. On both occasions, heretofore mentioned, when the question as to the effect to be given to the husband’s conveyance has been before this court, especial pains seem to have been taken to declare the policy of the court to be, that no support will be given to an extravagant provision, exhaustive of the husband’s estate. Our opinion therefore is that the deed relied upon by the feme defendant, Naomi, is ineffectual to pass the title of the land sued for to her, and that the judgment of the court below should have so declared. Accordingly, that judgment is reversed, and judgment will be entered here for the plaintiff according to the prayer of her complaint. Error. Reversed.