Card v. Finch.

OoNNOR, J., after stating the case: The question which lies at the threshold of this appeal is whether, as to the plain *144 tiffs, the proceeding instituted by Judge Timber lake, administrator of P. F. Debnam, and the judgments and decrees rendered therein, are absolutely void and subject to collateral attack, or whether they are merely voidable, subject to attack only by a direct proceeding for that purpose. If the proceeding and judgment ,are void quoad the' plaintiffs, many of the interesting questions raised by the defendants and argued in the brief do not arise, because it is elementary learning that no right or title can be acquired under or by virtue of a void proceeding or judgment. We have given the brief and argument of the learned counsel for defendants a careful examination and consideration. By reason of an accident for which he was in nowise responsible, we were not favored with an oral argument. The general principles underlying the case and upon which the rights of the parties depend are well settled and elementary. They are clearly and forcibly stated in the briefs. Whatever difficulty may be found in disposing of the appeal consists in the application of such principles and reviewing the authorities cited and relied upon by defendants’ counsel. We think that upon such examination the difficulties suggested are more apparent than real. It is .an elementary proposition of public law that no man shall be deprived of his life, liberty or property except by the law of the land, or, as sometimes expressed, due process of law, which is defined to be the judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction after an opportunity to1 be heard is given the parties. It is axiomatic, at least in American jurisprudence, that a judgment rendered by ,a court against a citizen affecting his vested rights in an action or proceeding to which he is not a party is absolutely void and may be treated as a nullity whenever it is brought to the attention of the Court. We think that no case can be found in the courts of this country, State or Federal, in which this principle is questioned. Certainly *145 in this jurisdiction it is fundamental. Reade, J., in Doyle v. Brown, 72 N. C., 393, says: “When a defendant has never been served with, process, nor appeared in person or by attorney, a judgment against Mm is not simply voidable, but void; and it may be so treated whenever and wherever offered, without any direct proceeding to vacate it. And the reason is that the want of service of process and the want of appearance is shown by the record itself, whenever it is offered.” To the same effect is Condry v. Cheshire, 88 N. C., 375. Smith, C. J., in Lynn v. Lowe, ib., 478 (on page 482), says: “It is the clear right of every person to be heard before any action is invoked and had before a judicial tribunal, affecting Ms rights of person or property. If no opportunity has been offered, and such prejudicial action has been taken * * * the Court will at once, when judicially informed of the error, correct it: not because injustice is done in the particular case, but because it may have been done, and the inflexible maxim, audi alteram partem, will be maintained. In such case the Court does not investigate the merits of the matter in dispute, but sets aside the judgment and reopens the otherwise concluded matter,” etc. Shepherd, J., in Harrison v. Harrison, 106 N. C., 282, says: “We cannot hesitate in affirming the judgment of his Honor declaring the proceedings 1 void. However anxious the Court has been to uphold irregular decrees in favor of innocent purchasers, we can find no decisions which authorize judicial sanction to any proceeding in which there has been no service of process of any kind upon the parties interested. Such proceedings, under the Bill of Rights, as well as upon évery conceivable principle of natural justice, must be declared utterly void and of no effect.” Many other cases might be cited to the same effect, if necessary. The learned counsel for defendants does not controvert this elementary principle. He calls to our attention several cases *146 in wbicb it is held, as in. the cases cited by us, that if there be a recital in the record of a return on the summons showing service, the proceeding is not void, but only voidable. It is also. true that in several cases the courts, use the expression that a purchaser at a judicial sale is not called upon to do more than see that the decree authorizes the sale. It must be conceded that expressions may be found which, unless the facts in the case .are examined, are calculated to. mislead. It will be found, upon a careful reading of the cases, that the underlying principle is, as stated by Mr. Justice Avery in Dickens v. Long, 112 N. C., 311: “All that the purchaser in such case is required to know is that the Court had jurisdiction of the subject-matter and the person.” We have carefully examined the cases cited by defendants’ counsel, and find that they uniformly so. state the law. In Herbin v. Wagoner, 118 N. C., 656, it is said: “The question is now presented whether the plaintiffs, who were parties to the action in which the mistake occurred, or the defendant, who was not a party for value and without notice, shall bear the loss,” etc. In Barcello v. Hapgood, 118 N. C., 712, it is said: “The sale was not only made under an order of a court having general jurisdiction both of the parties and the subject-matter,” etc. This language is cited and approved in Smith v. Huffman, 132 N. C., 600; England v. Owner, 90 N. C., 197; Carraway v. Lassiter, 139 N. C., 145. In all of these and many other cases, in which the Court discusses the effect of irregularities, the principle is recognized that the Court must have jurisdiction of the person and the subject-matter, or the judgment will be void. The defendant cites a line of cases in which it is held that if the decrees, etc., recite that the parties axe before the Court, such recitals will support the judgment and protect it against collateral attack. Such ivas the case of Harrison v. Harrison, supra. In this appeal the names of the defendants ' *147 in tbe proceeding to sell tbe land appear and are described as tbe widow and lieirs at law of tbe decedent. Tbe summons also contains tbe names of the heirs at law who are made parties defendant. Tbe recitals, therefore, in tbe order of sale and other decrees, that service of process was duly made “on tbe defendants,” are correct and speak tbe truth. This case is distinguished from Harrison v. Harrison, supra, in which tbe names of tbe proper parties appeared in tbe summons and tbe decree recited that they bad been duly served; whereas in Timberlake, admr., v. Debnam tbe plaintiffs herein, who were the owners of tbe land, subject to tbe dower, were not named in the petition or summons. Tbe recital that tbe “defendants were duly served,” therefore, bad no possible reference to these plaintiffs. We are unable to perceive bow, by any possible construction, they can be affected by such or ,any other recitals in a proceeding with which they bad not tbe most remote connection. Tbe administrator simply made tbe wrong persons parties to tbe proceeding. In a proceeding against tbe persons named in tbe petition, who, with tbe exception of tbe widow, bad no possible interest in tbe land, be sold tbe plaintiffs’ property. Tbe proposition, simplified and stripped of all extraneous matter, comes to this: In ,a proceeding against A, a judgment is rendered directing the sale of B’s property. Tbe administrator simply thought that tbe land belonged to bis testator’s heirs at law, whereas it belonged to bis devisees; and the purchaser made the same mistake. It is not easy to perceive hoAV tbe devisees can be affected by this mistake, however honestly made. The defendants say, however this may be, tbe sale was rightful. That tbe devisor owed tbe debts and bis land ivas liable for their payment. That tbe land brought a fair price and the proceeds have been properly applied, hence tbe right result has been reached by a wrong route. Tbe answer to this suggestion is foimd in tbe language of this Court in Lynn v. Lowe, supra. *148 There are a class of cases to be found in our reports in which infants were brought into Court through guardians and guardians ad litem,, wherein judgments have been sustainéd. They rest upon entirely different principles, and are not applicable here. Mathews v. Joyce, 85 N. C., 258; Sutton v. Schonwald, 86 N. C., 198 ; England v. Garner, 90 N. C., 197. These cases are all based upon the fact that the infants were parties, or that they were represented by guardians. Defendants cite Perry v. Adams, 98 N. C., 167. The case is, so far as the principles involved are concerned, strikingly similar to this. The course pursued by his Honor in disposing of this controversy is fully sustained- by the decision rendered in Perry v. Adams. The plaintiffs recover the land subject to the right of the purchaser to have repaid the amount which he had expended, for which the land was liable. The doctrine and the reason upon which it is based are well stated by Mr. Justice Merrimon in that case. We could add nothing of value to what is there said. In Stancill v. Gay, 92 N. C., 461, the judgment was irregular, and not void. There it was said that unless it appeared that the party moving to set it aside was prejudiced by the irregularity, the Court would not interfere. This principle can never be invoked in dealing with a void judgment. In Everett v. Newton, 118 N. C., 919, the recitals were held to bind the parties to the action. It is elementary that only parties and privies are affected by recitals in deeds or records. Highsmith v. Whitehurst, 120 N. C., 123, did not involve the principles applicable to this case. To the suggestion that the plaintiffs’ remedy was a motion to vacate the judgment, the reply is, that, as said by Reade, J., in Doyle v. Brown, supra, the record shows upon its face that the owners of. the land were not parties. The judgment cannot be set aside by the parties to> the record. It is, as to them, regular and correct. Persons who are not parties or privies and do not, upon the record, appear to be affected, will not be *149 beard upon, a motion to vacate a judgment. They have no status in Court. No wrong has been done them by the Court. In Morris v. House, 125 N. C., 550, the records as construed by the Court showed that the heirs were parties. Douglas, J., filed a very strong dissenting opinion, which was concurred in by Mr. Justice Montgomery. The decision does not militate against the general principles by which this Court has been governed. In Harris v. Brown, 123 N. C., 419, the proceeding was ex-parte; the parties were before the Court. We have examined every case cited by defendants and find no conflict with the conclusion reached by us. The defendants suggest that the widow, life-tenant, being a party, those in succession are bound by the judgment, upon the doctrine of representation. It is true that the courts have uniformly held that, where there are contingent limitations, or bare possibilities, and all of the persons who may, upon possible contingencies, become entitled, are not in esse, they may be bound by decrees made when the owners of the land are parties. This doctrine has well-defined limitations which exclude its application to the plaintiffs. It originated in necessity — to prevent titles being encumbered for unreasonable periods and the sacrifice of the interests of one or more generations. It is also sustained upon the ground that a bare possibility is not a vested right. It has never been .applied to the divesting of a vested remainder, or in any case where those who would be entitled in remainder are in esse and may be brought before the Court in propria persona. In such cases there is no necessity for resorting to the doctrine of representation. Cessante rations legis cessat et ipsa lex. The doctrine of appearance by representation is discussed in Springs v. Scott, 132 N. C., 548. Again, the widow having dissented from the will, did not own as a devise any life-estate or any other estate which was affected by the sale. Her dower was not involved. *150 We cLo not perceive how, in any aspect of the case, the plaintiffs are affected by the proceeding for the sale of the land. It is said that they axe guilty of laches in waiting so long before seeking to recover the land, and should for that reason be denied relief. It will be observed, by an examination of the cases cited, that it is only when upon the face of the record the parties appear to be in court, or when the prayer for relief is founded upon some irregularity in the proceedings, or the equitable power of the Court is invoked, that the Court has refused interfere by reason of long unreasonable delay. Harrison v. Hargrove, 109 N. C., 346, and 120 N. C., 96. If the judgment, as in this case, is void, the parties are not called upon to ask favors of the Court. They declare upon their legal title, and no time, other than that prescribed by the statute of limitations, can bar them. We have considered the case from every point of view presented by the learned counsel for defendants. There is no escape from the fatal fact that the plaintiffs had in the special proceeding no day in Court, and that nothing done in the case can affect their rights. Such equities as attached to the legal title, by reason of the sale and the disposition of the proceeds, the melioration by defendants and payment of taxes, have been carefully guarded and adjusted by an intelligent referee. We have examined the contention in regard to the method of applying the rents and see no valid objection thereto'. It is proper to treat the annual profits as payments, and it is the well-settled rule to apply payments, first to the discharge of interest and then to the extinguishment of the principal. The rents do not bear interest, but are used to discharge interest. Upon an examination of the entire record, we find No Error.