Edwards v. . Proctor

Wai.kkr, J., after stating the case: When parties enter into a contract for the performance of some act in the future, they impliedly promise that, in the meantime, neither will do anything to the harm or prejudice of the other inconsistent with the contractual relation they have assumed. The promisee, it also has been said (and this seems to to the better reason), has an inchoate right to the performance of the bargain, which becomes complete when the time for such performance has arrived, and, meanwhile, he has a right to have the contract kept open as a subsisting and effective one, as its unimpaired and unim-peached efficacy may be essential to his interests. Clark on Contracts (1904), p. 445, 447; Frost v. Knight, L. R. 7 Exch., 111. It has, therefore, been held (the Massachusetts court dissenting from this view in *44 Daniels v. Newton, 114 Mass., 530; 19 Am. Rep., 384) that if one party to the contract renounces it, the other may treat the renunciation as a breach and sue for his damages at once, provided the renunciation covers the entire performance to which the contract binds the promisor. 9 Cyc., 635, 636, and notes. The authorities do not seem to be fully agreed as to the precise ground upon which the principle should rest, although it is almost universally considered, and held, that it does exist. We need not stop to inquire as to the exact reason for the principle, but may well content ourselves with a general statement of it. A full discussion of it will be found in 9 Cyc., 635 et seq., and notes to the text; 6 Ruling Case Law, sec. 385, and in the cases hereinafter cited. It is said in Ruling Case Law, sufra (omitting immaterial matter) : “When the promisee adopts the latter course, treating the contract as broken and himself as discharged from his obligations under it, he resolves his right into a mere cause of action for damages. His rights acquired under it may be dealt with in various ways for his benefit and advantage. Of all such advantages the repudiation of the contract by the other party, and the announcement that it will never be fulfilled, must of course deprive him. It is, therefore, quite right to hold that such an announcement amounts to a violation of the contract in omnibus, and that upon it the promisee, if so minded, may at once treat it as a breach of the entire contract and bring his action accordingly.” In order to justify the adverse party in treating the renunciation as a breach, the refusal to perform must be of the whole contract or of a covenant going to the whole consideration, and must be distinct, unequivocal, and absolute, although the renunciation need not necessarily be made at the place of performance named in the contract. It may be observed, however, that the renunciation itself does not ipso facto constitute a breach. It is not a breach of the contract unless it is treated as such by the adverse party. Upon such a repudiation of an executory agreement by one party, the other may make his choice between the two courses open to him, but can neither confuse them nor take both.” We have not considered the measure of damages, as if there were a cause of action, for the reason that there was a nonsuit below, and it is, therefore, not relevant to the discussion. The law is well settled that the renunciation must be a positive, distinct, unequivocal, and absolute refusal to perform the contract in order to justify a suit at once for a breach and a recovery of damages therefor, 9 Cyc., at p. 637; Smoot’s case, 82 U. S. (15 Wall.), 36, 48; Hosmer v. Wilson, 7 Mich., 294; Vittum v. Estey, 67 Yt., 158; Zuck v. McClure, 98 Pa. St., 541. It is said in Vittum v. Estey, supra: “As to a breach by renunciation, it is settled law in England and many jurisdictions here that when one party to a bilateral contract, before the time of performance on *45 bis part has arrived, repudiates the entire contract, or a part of it that goes to tbe whole consideration, and declares that he will no longer be bound by it, the other party may, if he pleases, act upon the declaration and treat the contract as thereby broken' and at an end for all purposes except for bringing a suit upon it, which he may bring at once without waiting for the time of performance. Or, to put it as Lord Blackburn does in Mersey Steel and Iron Co. v. Naylon, Bensir & Co., 9 Appeal Cases, 434, 442, the other party may. say: ‘You have given me distinct notice that you will not perform the contract. I will not wait till you have broken it, but will treat you as having put an end to it, and if necessary will sue you for damages; but, at all events, I will not go on with the contract.’ But declarations that do not amount to an absolute atrd unequivocal refusal to perform the contract cannot be treated as a renunciation of it,” citing Dingley v. Oler, supra, and Johnston v. Milling, L. R. 16 Q. B. D., 460. If we examine the proof in this case, no positive and absolute renunciation appears which gave the plaintiff a right to sue upon the contract for damages, as for a present breach of it. Holliday, it is true, had ordered the plaintiff Edwards to stop the mill after he had sawed the logs on hand or already cut. If the evidence had stopped here, the case might have been quite different from what we hold it is. But that is not all of it. Edwards refused positively to obey the order, or to consider it as a renunciation of the contract and a breach thereof. He insisted that the order’ must come from both of the parties, Holliday and Proctor, and that the former should send Proctor to see him, which was assented to and done. "When Proctor came, he also told Edwards “to shut down,” but this Edwards declined to do until he was- paid for what he had already done. Proctor then told him “to go on and cut the timber,” and then added, as he walked away: “¡Shut down for a few days, and I will come back and let you know.” This left the matter open for an agreement as to what should be done, a few days being allowed for reflection; but never after-wards was there any positive, unequivocal, or unqualified order to quit. If Edwards wanted the matter settled by a distinct understanding as to what he should do, “go on of stop,” it was easy for him to have inquired of the defendants and got an answer about which there could be no doubt or uncertainty. Instead of pursuing this course, being, as suggested, “behind with the defendants,” he preferred to end the contract and sue for damages upon the theory that there had be.en a breach. He acted prematurely and inconsiderately in supposing that the time had arrived for him to proceed by suit to vindicate his supposed rights. The declarations of Proctor were not stronger or more unequivocal than those of defendant in Dingley v. Oler, 117 U. S., 490, a case much cited on this question, and where the language was: “We cannot, therefore, comply with your request to deliver to you the ice claimed, and respect *46 fully submit that you ought not to ask this of us in view of the fact stated herein.” This was written in reply to a peremptory demand from plaintiff for a delivery of ice immediately, under a contract for the same. The defendant had promised to deliver later, if the price changed, and expresssed the hope that a more favorable view would be taken, upon reflection. The Court said as to these facts: “This, we think, is very far from being a positive, unconditional, and unequivocal declaration of fixed purpose not to perform the contract in any event or at any time. In view of the consequences sought to be deduced and claimed as a matter of law to follow, the defendants have a right to insist that their expressions, sought to be converted into a renunciation of the contract, shall not be enlarged by constructions beyond their strict meaning.” The Court also said that the implied request by the defendant in that case for further consideration, based upon the peremptory demand by the defendant, left the matter open. And so we think in this case, that when Proctor had said, “You may go on and cut,” or used words to that effect, and there was uo further order to shut down permanently, there was no such positive, absolute and unequivocal renunciation of the contract and refusal to be further bound by it as constituted á breach entitling plaintiff Edwards to sue for his damages at once, and the matter was at that time left open for future agreement. The giving .of an option for the sale of the lands to another which, so far as appears, was not accepted, and never passed any title to the land, did not constitute such a breach upon the facts of this case. It seems to be conceded that a sale under it was never consummated. There is, at least, no evidence that it was. There may be, first, a sale of lands; second, an agreement to sell land; and, third, what is popularly called an option. The first is the actual transfer of title from grantor to gantee by appropriate instrument of conveyance. The second is a contract to be performed in the future, and, if fulfilled, results in a sale. It is a preliminary to a sale, and is- not the sale. Breaches, rescission, or release may occur, by which the contemplated sale never takes place. The third, an option, originally is neither a sale nor an agreement to sell. It is simply a contract by which the owner of property (real estate being the species we are now discussing) agrees with another person that he shall have the right to buy his property, at a fixed price, within a time certain. He does not sell his land; he does not agree to sell it. He only transfers the right, or privilege, to buy at the election of the other party. The second party gets no land in praesenti, nor an agreement that he shall have land, but merely the right to call for and receive land if he elects to do so. An option is unilateral, depending upon the will or choice of one of the parties for its conversion into a sale or even an agreement to sell. Winders v. Kenan, 161 N. C., 628. The cases *47 relied on by plaintiff do not apply. The decisions in them were based upon different facts. The plaintiff might hare enjoyed the full benefit of his contract if he had not stopped cutting the timber when he did. He had been overpaid for what he had done, and he risked nothing in suspending a few days. The jury found, without any serious contest between the parties as to the amount, that defendant owed a balance of $278.50. The case shows that he had been advanced the sum of $974.50, and from this was deducted “$600 for the contract price of cutting 100,000 feet of timber; $25 for building a house on premises; $51 for cutting out a right of way, and $20 for piling timber, leaving balance of $278.50,” the amount allowed by the jury under the instructions of the court. It seems, therefore, that plaintiff was engaged in a losing business, but if there was a prospect of its being profitable, he should not have thrown up the contract, but gone on with it to the end and reaped the profit. So far as we can see from the facts as they now appear, he would not have been interrupted in his work. ¥e think the case was correctly submitted to the jury. No error.