Posey v. . Board of Education

CONNOR, J. Prior to the year 1907, the Asheville Free Kindergarten Association, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of this State, maintained and operated in the city of Asheville, certain free kindergarten schools for the benefit of the children of the taxpayers of said city, between the ages of three and six years. The said Kindergarten Association had acquired by gifts, subscriptions, purchase and otherwise, valuable property, both real and personal, which it owned and used for the purpose of maintaining and operating said kindergarten schools. The General Assembly of North Carolina, at its session held in 1907, enacted chapter 175, Private Laws of North Carolina, 1907, which is entitled “An act to authorize the school committee of the city of Ashe-ville to take under control the free kindergarten schools of the city of Asheville.” Ry this statute the school committee of the city of Asheville was authorized to take under its control and to include in the school population of said city, all children residing therein of not less than three years of age, for the purpose of having said children taught in kindergarten schools, “A system of which shall be maintained in said city by said school committee.” The said school committee was further authorized to receive from the Asheville Free Kindergarten Association, as a gift, all the property, both real and personal, then owned by said association, and used by it in the operation of kindergarten schools in the city of Asheville. It was expressly provided by said statute that said school committee should maintain, support, carry on and conduct in sáid city of Asheville such free kindergarten schools as should be necessary for the accommodation of such pupils as should properly be taught in schools of that character. Subsequent to the enactment of said statute, the Asheville Free Kindergarten Association conveyed all its property, both real and personal, to the city of Asheville, in fee simple. The city of Asheville has, since said conveyance, sold and conveyed said property, and is not now the owner of same. However, pursuant to the provisions of chapter 175, Private Laws of North Carolina, 1907, kindergarten schools have been *309 continuously maintained and operated in the city of Asheville, as a part of the public school system of said city. Children of residents of said city, between the ages of three and six years, have been admitted to and taught in said schools, without charge for tuition. The cost of maintaining and operating said schools has been paid out of the public school fund of the city of Asheville, without the levy of any special tax for that specific purpose. At a special election held in the city of Asheville on 6 April, 1921, the question was submitted to the voters of said city as to whether an additional tax of 10 cents on the $100.00 valuation of property in said city should be levied and collected for the purpose of increasing the salaries of the teachers in the public schools of said city, and of paying the expense of the operation of said schools. At the date of this election, kindergarten schools were maintained and operated by the school authorities of the city of Asheville, as a part of the public school system of said city. At said election, the levy and collection of the additional tax was authorized by a large majority of the voters of said city. The General Assembly of North Carolina, at its session held in 1923, enacted chapter 16, Private Laws of North Carolina, 1923, which is entitled “An act to amend, revise, and consolidate the statutes that constitute the charter of the city of Asheville.” The corporate limits and boundaries of said city, as a municipal corporation, are defined in section 3 of said act. It is provided in section 4 that “the corporate powers of the city of Asheville shall be exercised as hereinafter provided by the board of commissioners and such other officers and agents as are hereinafter provided for, subject to such limitations as may be hereinafter imposed.” Included within said statute are sections relating to the public schools of the city of Asheville. Sections 125 to 139, inclusive. The effect of these sections is to constitute the city of Asheville a public school district for both white and colored children in the county of Buncombe. The board of commissioners of said city are charged with the duty of maintaining an adequate and sufficient system of public schools in said city, and to that end ample powers are conferred upon said board. "With reference to kindergarten schools, the statute has the following sections: “Section 130. Kindergarten Schools. The board of commissioners of the city of Asheville be and they are hereby authorized to take under their control, and make a part of the public schools of Asheville, all pupils of a minimum age of not less than three years, for the purpose of having them taught in kindergarten schools, a system of which shall be maintained in said city by said board, and to receive from the Asheville *310 Free Kindergarten Association, as a gift along with tbe taking over of the said kindergarten pupils, all lands, bouses, schoolroom equipment, and other school property now owned and controlled by said Asheville Free Kindergarten Association, all of said property to be held in fee simple by said city as a part of the public school property of said city of Asheville.” “Section 130a. Conduct Kindergarten Schools. The board of commissioners shall maintain, support, carry on and conduct in said city, such free kindergarten schools as may, at all times, be necessary for the accommodation of such pupils as should properly be taught and trained in schools of this character. That said kindergarten pupils so taken under control shall become, and constitute a part of the public school population of the city of Asheville, and as such shall be entitled to all the rights, benefits, privileges and advantages of the public schools, of said city, so far as their age and advancement will permit them to receive the same. The minimum age of three years herein allowed for the admission of said pupils, shall not apply to the general school population of the city, but only to the pupils composing the present kindergarten schools of the city of Asheville or to like schools or departments in schools of the city of Asheville, or like schools or departments in other schools which may hereafter be authorized by the said board.” . The General Assembly of North Carolina, at its session held in 1929, enacted chapter 205, Private Laws of North Carolina, 1929, which is entitled “An act to extend the corporate limits of the city of Asheville.” It is provided therein that this statute shall not become effective, unless the voters of the city of Asheville and of the territory to be annexed to said city by the proposed extension of said corporate limits, at a special election to be held as provided therein, shall approve such extension. At the election held pursuant to the provisions of said statute, the extension of the corporate limits of the city of Asheville was approved, and the statute thereby according to its terms became effective for all purposes.. Section 10 of said statute provides that upon the approval by the voters of the extension of the corporate limits of the city of Asheville, it shall be the duty of said city, after said election and before 30 June, 1929, to “surrender the control of the present city of Asheville special charter school district to the board of education of Buncombe County, and that thereupon said special charter school district shall become a local tax district,” and shall be governed as provided in said statute. Provision is made in the statute for a board of school committeemen of seven members, who are authorized to employ a superintendent and teachers for the public schools in said local tax district. It is expressly provided that “the public school system of the Asheville *311 local -tax district shall be -under the supervision and control of the superintendent and the board of school committeemen herein appointed, it being intended by this section to direct that the present standard of education in the public schools of the city of Asheville shall be maintained.” It is further provided in said statute that “the present special school tax heretofore voted in the city of Asheville for the maintenance and operation of the public schools of the city and for the payment of principal and interest of school bonds heretofore voted, shall remain in full force and effect, but if the corporate limits of the city shall be extended as provided herein, the said special taxes shall be levied by the board of commissioners of Buncombe County in the same manner as special taxes are levied for other local tax districts under the present laws applicable to the same.” At a meeting of the defendant, the board of school committeemen of the city of Asheville,- held on 14 March, 1930, by a resolution adopted by said board, it was ordered, upon the recommendation of the superintendent of the city schools, that the kindergarten schools, heretofore included as a part of the public school system of the city of Asheville, be discontinued at the expiration of the current school year. The discontinuance of said kindergarten schools was ordered for the purpose, as recited in said resolution, of saving the sum of $24,000. It does not appear in the statement of facts agreed whether or not the school fund available for' the support of the public schools of the city of Asheville, for the ensuing year, will be, for any cause, decreased, nor does it appear whether or not the said fund derived in part from a special tax, levied pursuant to a special election heretofore held in the city of Asheville, will be insufficient to pay the expenses of maintaining the said public schools, including the kindergarten schools. If it be conceded that the present board of school committeemen of the city of Asheville has the power to maintain and operate kindergarten schools, as part of the public school system of said city, in which children of residents of the city of Asheville, between the ages of three and six years, shall be taught and trained in accordancé with the principles of education on which said schools are founded, we are of the opinion that it was error to hold that said board has discretion as to whether or not it shall exercise such power. The provisions of the statutes relative to the maintenance and operation of kindergarten schools in the city of Asheville, are by their terms mandatory. The predecessors of said board were required by such statutory provisions to maintain and operate such schools as a part of the public school system of the city of Asheville. These statutory provisions have not been repealed or modified by subsequent statutes now in force. They have *312 been reenacted, and are now binding on tbe school authorities of the city of Asheville. It is expressly provided in the statute (chapter 205, Private Laws of North Carolina, 1929) from which the defendants herein derive their powers with respect to the public schools of the city of Asheville, that “the present standard of education in the public schools of Asheville shall be maintained.” At the date of the enactment of this statute, the kindergarten schools were a part of the public school system of the city of Asheville, and their maintenance is required to maintain the standard of education then provided by the State and the city of Asheville for the children of said city. The present board of school committeemen of the city of Asheville has discretion as to the manner in which the power conferred upon it with respect to said schools shall be exercised, but it does not follow from this well-settled principle that it has discretion as to whether or not it shall exercise the power at all. Power is conferred upon said board in order that it may perform its duty, under the law, both to the State and to the city of Asheville. In Newton v. Highway Commission, 192 N. C., 54, 133 S. E., 522, it is said by Brogden, J., writing for the Court: “When a statute speaks plainly and in no uncertain or ambiguous terms, the voice of discretion cannot be heard; otherwise, administrative boards, under the guise of discretion, could set at naught the legislative will and clothe themselves with the attributes of sovereignty.” In Cameron v. Highway Commission, 188 N. C., 84, 123 S. E., 465, it is said by Adams, J., writing for the Court: “We do not controvert the proposition that the defendants are clothed with certain discretionary powers; but as we interpret the act, these powers do not include the changing, altering, or discontinuing all roads in the exercise of a discretion, which can be reviewed only in case of oppression, or bad faith. We think the changing, the alteration, or the discontinuance by the defendants of the roads defined in the proviso of section 7 is subject to judicial review, without regard to the question of an abuse of discretion. The terms of the proviso are positive and mandatory, and not uncertain or discretionary.” Where power is conferred by statute upon an administrative board, with respect to matters committed to said board, and the exercise of such power is made mandatory, such board, although it may have discretion as to the manner in which the power shall be exercised, has no discretion as to whether it shall in good faith and in accordance with the legislative will, exercise the power. In the instant case, if the defendants have the power to maintain and operate kindergarten schools as part of the public school system of the city of Asheville, it is manifest, we think, that it is their duty to exercise the power, in good faith, and *313 in accordancé witb tbe legislative will, clearly and plainly expressed in tbe statutes applicable to said scbools. Tbe General Assembly of this State bas by express statutory provisions conferred upon tbe board of school committeemen of tbe city of Asheville power to maintain and operate kindergarten scbools, as a part' of tbe public school system of said city, in which children between tbe ages of 3 and 6 shall be admitted as pupils. Tbe question, therefore, presented for decision is whether these statutory provisions are valid, as being within tbe power of tbe General Assembly. Tbe General Assembly bas tbe power which, we think, cannot be questioned, to prescribe by statute tbe subjects to be taught and tbe methods of instruction to be followed in tbe public scbools of tbe State, whether such public scbools be included within tbe uniform system required to be maintained by tbe Constitution, or whether they be public scbools established for certain districts formed under tbe general school law of tbe State, or under special statutes. It also bas tbe power to authorize and empower tbe school boards, or committees in charge of public scbools to exercise this power. When thus authorized, a school board or committee may require that pupils in said scbools shall be taught such subjects, or instructed in accordance witb such methods, as distinguish kindergarten schools from other schools. This is undoubtedly true as to pupils between tbe ages of 6 and 21 years. Const., of N. C., Art. IX, see. 2. Whether or not tbe General Assembly may by statute require a school board or committee to provide for tbe education of children in its district, under tbe age of 6 years, is an interesting question which bas not heretofore been presented to this Court. We are of tbe opinion, however, and so bold, that where scbools have been established in a district and are maintained in accordance witb tbe minimum requirements of tbe Constitution, and where provision bas been made for tbe education of all children residing in the district, between tbe ages of 6 and 21, as required by tbe Constitution, and where tbe school fund available for tbe support of such scbools, derived in part from local taxes lawfully levied and collected in tbe district, is sufficient for tbe maintenance of said scbools, and also for tbe maintenance of kindergarten scbools, in which children of tbe district, under tbe age of 6 years may be admitted as pupils, tbe General Assembly bas power to require tbe school board or school committee of said district to provide and maintain such kindergarten scbools, as a part of tbe public school system of tbe district. If, however, an additional tax is required to maintain such kindergarten scbools, then they can be established and maintained only witb tbe approval of tbe qualified voters of tbe district, to be determined by an- election held pursuant to statutory authority. C. S., 5443. *314 In the instant case, it does not appear that the school fund available for the support of the public schools of the city of Asheville, derived in part from a special tax, levied and collected as authorized by the qualified voters of said city, will not he sufficient to maintain said schools in accordance with the requirements of the Constitution and also to maintain the kindergarten schools as part of the public school system of said city. We are, therefore, of opinion that there was error in the judgment approving, in effect, the order of the school board of the city of Asheville that the kindergarten schools be discontinued, at the expiration of the current school year. Plaintiffs are entitled upon the facts agreed to judgment as prayed for, enjoining the defendants from discontinuing the kindergarten schools, which are now by express statutory authority, a part of the public school system' of the city of Asheville. In accordance with this opinion the judgment is Reversed.