Hodges v. Western Union Telegraph Co.

*232 CoNNOR, J. (after stating the facts). The defendant admits the entry upon and appropriation of the land, the fee of which is in the plaintiffs, and seeks to justify such entry and appropriation under the contract made with the railroad company. The decision of this contention is dependent upon the proper construction of the grant made by the plaintiffs to the railroad company. It is well settled by this and other Courts that “the right of way of railroad companies is by judgment of condemnation made subject to occupation where and only where the company finds it necessary to take the actual possession in furtherance of the ends for which tbe company was created. The damages are not assessed upon the idea of a proposed actual dominion, occupation and perception of the profits of the whole right of way by the corporation, but the calculation is based upon the principle that possession and exclusive .control will be asserted only to so much of the condemned territory as may be necessary for corporate purposes, such as additional tracks, ditches and houses to be used for stations and section hands. Unless the land is needed for some such use, the occupation and cultivation by the owner of the servient tenement will be disturbed only when it becomes necessary for the company to enter to remove something which is dangerous to the safety of its passengers.” Blue v. Railroad, 117 N. C., 644; White v. Railroad, 113 N. C., 610; 31 Am. St. Rep., 639; 22 L. R. A., 627; Shields v. Railroad, 129 N. C., 1; Phillips v. Tel. Co., 130 N. C., 514; 89 Am. St. Rep., 868; Eels v. Telephone and Telegraph Co. (N. Y.); 25 L. R. A., 640; 5 Am. El. Cases, 92. It is also said that “when the fee remains in the original proprietor, it is immaterial how the public (or in this case, the corporation) acquired an easement over the land, whether by condemnation or by dedication. It is only for the use of ordinary travel, such as we are accustomed to see on streets or highways. In case the proprietor dedicated the land, it *233 was for no other purpose, and if it was condemned, his damages are assessed with no other view.” Railroad v. Hartley, 67 Ill, 439; 16 Am. Rep., 624. “The proceeding by which land is acquired by the exercise of the right of eminent domain amounts to a statutory conveyance of the same to the public or the corporation, and there is no distinction between such a conveyance and a voluntary conveyance made for a public use. By proceedings in invir turn the statute which authorizes the acquisition constitutes the contract between the citizen and the public, and when the interest has once been acquired it cannot be changed or enlarged.” Story v. N. Y. El. Road, 90 N. Y., 172; 43 Am. Rep., 146. Unless, therefore, there is found in the deed of the plaintiffs granting the easement to the railroad company language indicating a purpose, or operating to pass a larger or more extended right or easement than that which would have been acquired by judgment in condemnation proceedings, we must resort to the principles and authorities applicable to rights acquired thereby to define and fix the rights of the parties to this appeal. It will be observed that the only consideration upon which the grant is founded is “benefits to be derived from the building of the said branch road.” The language of the deed is clear and comprehensive. A “right of way and easement” is granted. These are apt and appropriate words for that purpose. The easement is for the purpose of “surveying, building, constructing, operating, altering, improving and repairing” the said branch road. We are of the opinion that this language accurately describes the right or easement which the company would have acquired by condemnation proceedings. It is evident that the deed was drawn by a careful, skillful draughtsman, anxious that all parties should know and understand the legal effect of the instrument. The company, by *234 the terms of this grant acquired the right to erect and uses so far as was reasonably necessary and convenient for the safe operation of the road and the engines and cars used thereon, a telegraph line, including, of course, the right to place poles in the ground and string wires thereon. We concur in the language of the Court of Appeals of Maryland in the case of American Telegraph and Telephone Co. v. Pearce, 71 Md., 535 ; 7 L. R. A., 200: “We entertain no doubt whatever as to the right of a railroad company to construct on and over its right of way a telegraph or telephone line for its use in the operation of its road and dispatch of its business; and it may do this by itself or may employ another company to do it, or may do it conjointly with another company. If this line is in process of construction or is about to be constructed over the right of way of this railroad company, in good faith, for the use and benefit of the latter in the operation of its road, and to facilitate its business, or is reasonably necessary for that purpose, the land owners have no ground of complaint, because such use of their land is within the scope of the original easement for which they have already received compensation. But, on the other hand, if this is not the motive for its construction, and the main object in constructing it is to establish an extensive line of telegraph and telephone communication through this and other States, for general commercial purposes, for the use and benefit of the defendant, and such a line is not reasonably necessary for the purposes of the railroad, then it will be a new easement, and put a new additional burden upon the land, for which the owners are entitled to compensation.” Joyce on Electric Law, sec. 233. This Court has clearly held in Phillips v. Tel. Co., 130 N. C., 513, that “telegraph lines along a railroad and on the right of way of the railroad is an additional burden upon the land, for which the land owner is entitled to just compensation.” *235 Tbis opinion is fully sustained by the best considered authorities in this country. In Nichol v. N. Y. & N. J. Tel Co., 42 At. Rep., (N. J.), 583; 12 Am. St. Rep., 666, it is said: “The argument to support the proposition that the right to construct and maintain a telephone line for common public use is within this easement is that the structures are required for the exercise of the right of the electric current which thus travels along the highway. But the resemblance between the use and that ordinarily enjoyed under the easement scarcely goes beneath the words by which it may be described. In reality the electric current does not use the highway for passage. It uses the wire, and would be as well accommodated if the wire were placed in the fields or over the houses. The highway is used only as a standing place for the structures. Such a use seems to us to be so different from the primary right of passage as to be essentially distinct. * * * We therefore think that the right now under consideration is not within the public easement, and can be acquired against the consent of the private owner of the fee only by condemnation under the power of eminent domain.” In Broome v. N. Y. & N. J. Tel. Co. (N. J.), 5 Cent. Rep., 814, it is held that in order to justify a telephone company in setting up poles in the highway it must show that it has acquired the right to do so, either by consent or by condemnation from the owner of the soil.” In W. U. Tel. Co. v. Williams, 86 Va., 696; 8 L. R. A., 429; 19 Am. St. Rep., 908, the Court says: “That the erection of a telegraph line upon a highway is an additional servitude is clear from the authorities. That it is such is equally clear upon principle, in the light of the Virginia cases. If the right acquired by the commonwealth in the condemnation of a highway is only the right to pass along over the highway for the public, then, if the untaken parts of the land are his *236 private property, to dig up the soil is to dig up. his soil; to cut dowu the trees is to cut down his trees; to destroy the fences is to destroy his fences; to erect any structure, to. affix any pole or post in and upon his land, is to take possession of his land; and all these interfere with his free and unrestricted use of his property. If the commonwealth took this without just compensation it would be a violation of the Constitution. The commonwealth cannot constitutionally grant it to¡ another.” From these authorities and the reason of the thing we conclude that the railroad company only acquired the right to erect and use such telegraph poles and lines as are reasonably necessary for the purpose for which the easement was granted. This seems to have been the construction put upon the contract by the company. We find that in the contract of 1880 there is a careful reservation of the rights of the company. The uncontradicted testimony shows that in 1888 the railroad company, abandoning all idea of joint ownership or joint operation of the telegraph line, conveys, assigns and sets over to the defendant company, in consideration of a sum of money named therein and of certain covenants and agreements contained in the contract, all of the poles and wires upon such right of way between Wilson and Fayetteville, N. C. Thereafter, in 1899, the defendant company erects' upon the right of way an entirely new line, placing its poles, much larger than those used by the railroad company, about twenty feet from the original line, and placed upon those poles cross-arms about ten feet long with eight or ten new wires. It is evident that from the position of the poles, the size of them and the larger number of wires used, that no such line is reasonably necessary for the enjoyment of the easement granted to the railroad company. We can put but one construction upon the deed of March, 1888. It was a sale of the property in the poles and wires and an attempt to confer *237 upon the defendant company a right to erect and maintain a line of telegraph poles and wires for general commercial purposes in connection with its line through this and other-States. We cannot construe this into a reasonable use of the easement granted by the plaintiffs to the railroad company, but as an additional burden placed upon the plaintiffs’ land. It is clear that the railroad company could not grant to the defendant company an easement. This could be done only by the owner of the soil. Narron v. Railroad, 122 N. C., 861; 40 L. R. A., 415. The only effect that the contract of March, 1888, could have was to give to the defendants, so far as the railroad’s rights are concerned, a license or right to put its poles and string its wires over and along its right of way, not affecting in any manner the rights of the plaintiffs, the owners of the soil. This right, as was said in Phillips v. Tel. Co., supra, could have been acquired against the railroad company by condemnation proceedings, section 2210 of The Code, but would not have affected the rights of the plaintiffs. We therefore think that it was immaterial to inquire of the witness whether the use of a telegraph line was necessary for the safe and proper operation of a railroad. As we have seen, the use of a telegraph line was necessary for the purposes indicated, hut the question whether or not this telegraph line was necessary is an entirely different one. We find no error in his Honor’s ruling in that respect. The defendant, however, pleads the statute of limitations in bar of the plaintiffs’ action, and requested his Honor to instruct the jury that the action was barred. We think that his Honor was correct in declining to so charge. This action is not for trespass committed by the defendant in entering upon and breaking the plaintiffs’ close. As was said in Phillips v. Tel. Co., supra, “The sole purpose of this action is to recover compensation for the appropriation of the plaintiff’s property by the defendant. * * * The plaintiff does *238 not seek to eject tbe defendant, nor to interfere in tbe slightest degree with tbe fullest enjoyment of the easement it claims. He does not threaten nor intend to annoy tbe defendant by a multiplicity of suits, but, on the contrary, be asks the Court, in tbe exercise of its equitable jurisdiction, to award him such permanent damages as will compensate him for tbe appropriation of the easement. This being done, the defendant ceases to be a trespasser, and will thereafter remain in the lawful enjoyment of the easement thus acquired. There is, therefore, no question as to whether the defendant shall have the easement, but simply whether he shall pay for it.” These observations apply to this action. The plaintiffs demand permanent damages, and the issue submitted to the jury was directed to that inquiry. The appropriation which the defendant has made of the plaintiffs’ land is in the construction of its poles and the stringing of its wires in November, 1899, and it is for this appropriation and the easement which will be acquired by the payment of the judgment in this action that the suit is brought. Three years have not elapsed between that date and the issuing of the summons in this action. The plaintiff does not seek to recover any damages for acts done by the defendant prior to November, 1899. We therefore think that the action is not barred by the statute of limitations. We think it unnecessary to discuss the other aspects of this question. We note that his Honor charged the jury that in addition to the permanent damage caused by the erection of the line and for the appropriation by the defendant, the jury should also assess such damages as the plaintiffs had sustained, if any, within the last three years, to the crops on the land over which the defendant’s line was located. This portion of the charge is erroneous, but we find no exception thereto taken by the defendant. Nor do we find any testimony upon which the jury could have assessed such damages. The only testi *239 mony in regard to damages was that of the plaintiff Hodges, who placed the damage sustained at $5 per pole. We would be compelled to grant a new trial for this error, if excepted but it is well settled by numerous decisions of this Court that unless excepted to, a new trial will not be granted. Let the judgment of the Court below be Affirmed.