Board of Health v. . Lewis

Connor, J. During the spring of 1927, defendant, R. J". Lewis, purchased a tract of land situate in Buncombe County, containing fifteen acres, more or less, and located in Beaver dam Valley. The said R. J. Lewis is a resident of the city of Asheville, where he is engaged in business as an undertaker. He is the owner of the “Lewis Funeral Home,” which he conducts in the city of Asheville in connection with his business as an undertaker. During February, 1928, the said R. J. Lewis conveyed the said tract df land to his codefendant, Lewis Memorial Park Company, a corpora *643 tion organized under the laws of the State of North Carolina. The said corporation is authorized to establish and maintain a cemetery or burial ground for dead bodies. The said R. J. Lewis is the principal stockholder of said corporation. The tract of land now owned by the defendant, Lewis Memorial Park Company, has been graded, laid off into lots, and otherwise prepared for use as a cemetery or burial ground. Three human bodies have been buried in said cemetery, and defendants propose from time to time to bury other bodies therein. The said cemetery has been established and will be maintained and operated by defendants as a business, with a view to making a profit on their investment. Defendants have invested in the purchase of said land, and in making improvements thereon, approximately the sum of $34,000. The said land is located on the watershed of Eeaverdam Creek, which flows through Eeaverdam Yalley. The area of said watershed is from fourteen to sixteen square miles. On 16 May, 1928, the plaintiff, Board of Health of Buncombe County, adopted an ordinance in words as follows: “Whereas, it appears to the undersigned county board of health that the community north of the city of Asheville in said county, commonly known as the ‘Beaverdam Yalley,’ through which flows the Beaverdam Creek and its tributaries, has now become a populous area; and Whereas, the waters of Beaverdam Creek have heretofore been used to supplement the water supply of the city of Asheville, and is now available for said use; and, Whereas, some inhabitants of the Beaverdam Yalley are using the waters of said Beaverdam Creek for domestic purposes; and, Whereas, the board, after careful investigation, is of the opinion that the waters of said creek are now being contaminated by the maintenance of cemeteries or burial grounds, in which human bodies are buried, which said contamination this board finds as a fact to be dangerous to public health: Now, therefore, be it ordained by the county board of health of the county and State aforesaid, pursuant to the power and authority contained in chapter 118 of the Consolidated Statutes of North Carolina, and amendments thereto, that any person, firm or corporation, burying or causing to be buried any human body in any of the lands forming the watershed of the Beaverdam Creek or any of its tributaries, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and fined not exceeding fifty dollars ($50), or imprisoned not exceeding thirty (30) days. That this rule and regulation is in the judgment of this board necessary to protect and advance the public health, and shall be in full force and effect from date hereof.” *644 Tbis action wa3 begun on 27 July, 1928. Tie plaintiffs are (1) tbe Board of Health of Buncombe County, charged by statute with the duty of making such rules and regulations as in their judgment may be necessary to protect and advance the public health; (2) the city of Asheville, a municipal corporation, authorized by its charter to supply water to its citizens and to others, for drinking and domestic purposes, by means of a public water system, and (3) residents of Beaverdam Valley who maintain homes therein, and use for drinking and domestic purposes water from springs situate near the land owned by defendants. In their complaint plaintiffs allege “that the waters from the Beaver-dam Creek and its tributaries impounded in the lake, known as Beaver Lake, have heretofore been used by the city of Asheville as an emergency supply of water for the city of Asheville in supplying its citizens; and as the plaintiffs are advised, informed and believe is available to the city of Asheville and its citizens at any time in the future when the same may be needed to supplement the. supply of the city of Asheville in case of drought, bursting of lines or reservoirs or for any other emergency, and that certain of the individual plaintiffs herein have springs located upon their lands a,t their homes in Beaverdam Valley from which the waters thereof are used for drinking and all other domestic purposes; and the other individual plaintiffs are users along with the other citizens of Asheville and Beaverdam Valley of the city’s water supply for drinking and all other purposes.” The other material allegations of the complaint are as follows: “10. That these plaintiffs are advised, informed and believe that the defendants, R. J. Lewis, undertaker, and Violet Hill Memorial Park Company, Inc. (now Lewis Memorial Park Company), in utter disregard of the rules, regulations and ordinances passed by the said county board of health as aforesaid, for the protection of the health and welfare of the citizens of Beaverdam Valley and Buncombe County, and in complete contempt for the authority of the said county board of health, and in utter disregard of the rights of the plaintiffs and other citizens of said county, have already buried one or more human bodies upon said lands in violation of the law; and unless restrained, plaintiffs verily believe they will, at a very early date inter and bury a large number of human bodies upon said lands in violation of the ordinances, rules and regulations passed for the welfare of said community and to the great injury of the plaintiffs in this case and the public in general. “11. That the plaintiffs are advised, believe and so aver that the burial of said dead human bodies upon said lands as contemplated, threatened and proposed by the said defendants, will create a public nuisance and on account of the odors, seepage and other deleterious and injurious odors, vapors and drainage arising from and seeping out from decaying human *645 flesh will greatly jeopardize the lives and well being of the plaintiffs in this case and the citizens of said section of Buncombe County and all who use the waters from Beaver Lake or from springs in the vicinity of said section.” . Answering the foregoing allegations, defendants admit that they have buried three human bodies in the cemetery which they have established on their tract of land described in the complaint, and that they intend to bury other bodies therein; they deny, however, that the burying of said bodies in said land has caused or will cause injury to the plaintiffs or to others, or has endangered or will endanger the public health. They allege that the ordinance adopted by the board of health of Buncombe County, forbidding the burial of human bodies in any of the lands forming the watershed of Beaverdam Creek or any of its tributaries, is void, for that: first, the said board of health is without power to adopt said ordinance; and, second, that said ordinance is unreasonable and arbitrary. Pending the trial of the issues arising on the pleadings in this action, a restraining order was issued on 21 July, 1928, temporarily restraining and enjoining defendants from burying in or upon the land described in the complaint human bodies contrary to the order, regulation and ordinance of the board of health of Buncombe County, adopted on 16 May, 1928. Upon the hearing, pursuant to notice to defendants to show cause why said temporary restraining order should not be continued to the final hearing, the court found the facts pertinent to the order to be made by it, with respect to said matter, as follows: “1. That Beaver Lake and Beaverdam Creek are not part of the Ashe-ville public water supply, and do not belong to the Asheville waterworks. 2. That the waters in Beaverdam Creek and Beaver Lake are unfit for drinking purposes, and are polluted and contaminated, and are unfit for consumption as part of the Asheville water supply, or for any other domestic purpose. 3. That cemeteries have been operated and conducted on Beaverdam Creek, and bodies of human beings have been buried in cemeteries located on said Beaverdam Creek for one hundred and twenty (120) years. 4. That the waters of Beaverdam Creek and Bea.ver Lake have not been contaminated as a result of the burial of dead human bodies in cemeteries located on Beaverdam Creek, and that the burial of dead human bodies in the cemetery of the defendants located on the east side of Beaverdam Creek in Beaverdam Yalley will not pollute the waters of the wells, springs, Beaverdam Creek or Beaver Lake. 5. That the health of the complainants and the residents of the Beaver-dam Yalley will not be injured by the operation of the cemetery of the defendants. *646 6. That tbe Beaverdam watershed is from eight to nine miles in length, and an average width of about two miles, and contains from fourteen to sixteen square miles. 7. That the resolution or rule of the board of health of Buncombe County, issued on 16 May, A.D. 1928, prohibiting the burial of human bodies in Beaverdam watershed, is unreasonable, unconstitutional and void.” Upon the foregoing facts it was “ordered, adjudged and decreed, that the temporary injunction and restraining order heretofore issued in the above-entitled action be dissolved, set aside and vacated.” The ultimate relief sought by plaintiffs in this action is (1) the recovery of damages for injuries caused plaintiffs by the burial of human bodies in and on defendants’ land; (2) the abatement of the ■nuisance created by the burial of human bodies on defendants’ land, by the removal of said bodies therefrom, and (3) a permanent injunction, enjoining and restraining defendants perpetually from maintaining a cemetery on said land, and burying human bodies therein. In support of their prayer for such relief, plaintiffs allege: first, that defendants have created, by the burial of bodies on said land, a public nuisance, which has caused special damages to plaintiffs, and that unless enjoined and restrained by the court, defendants will maintain said nuisance to plaintiffs’ great damage; and, second, that defendants, by their violation of an ordinance adopted by the board of health of Buncombe County, have caused and by their continued violation of said ordinance will continue to cause great injury to plaintiffs. Pending the final hearing of the action, plaintiffs contend that they are entitled to a continuance of the temporary restraining order heretofore issued, to said final hearing. Whether or not, upon the final hearing, plaintiffs will be entitled to the ultimate relief which they seek in this action, is not now presented for decision. The only question presented by this appeal is whether or not there was error in the order dissolving, setting aside and vacating the temporary restraining order, upon the facts found by the court. The facts found by the judge from the affidavits offered as evidence upon the hearing of defendants’ motion that the temporary restraining order be dissolved, are not conclusive upon plaintiffs’ appeal to this Court. His findings of fact are, however, presumed to be correct, and as they are supported by the evidence, they will not be disturbed. Lineberger v. Cotton Mills, ante, 506; Wentz v. Land Co., 193 N. C., 32, 135 S. E., 480; Cameron v. Highway Commission, 188 N. C., 84, 123 S. E., 465; Sanders v. Ins. Co., 183 N. C., 68, 110 S. E., 597. Plaintiffs’ assignments of error based upon their exceptions to the several findings of fact, other than the finding that the ordinance *647 adopted by tbe board of health is unreasonable, unconstitutional and void, cannot upon any phase of the ease be sustained. These findings qf fact are sufficient to support the order dissolving the temporary restraining order, at least insofar as said order enjoined and restrained defendants from maintaining a cemetery on their land, upon the allegation that same was a public nuisance, causing special damage to plaintiff. The finding of fact with respect to the validity of the ordinance adopted by the board of health of Buncombe County, is not material on the question as to whether the burial of human bodies in defendants’ land, and the maintenance of a cemetery or burial ground thereon, will constitute a nuisance, resulting in damage to the plaintiffs. The findings of fact set out in the judgment, other than the fact that said ordinance is unreasonable, unconstitutional and void, are sufficient to support the order dissolving, setting aside and vacating the temporary restraining order. The judge, in effect, found, for the purposes of defendants’ motion, upon this phase of the case, that the burial of dead bodies in defendants’ land, and the maintenance of a cemetery thereon by defendants will not constitute a nuisance, as alleged by plaintiffs. It has been generally held in this and in other jurisdictions that a cemetery, in which the dead have been or will be buried, is not a nuisance per se. In Ellison v. Commissioners, 58 N. C., 57, this Court reversed the order of the court below, refusing to dissolve an injunction, enjoining and restraining the defendants from maintaining a public cemetery on land adjoining the lands of the plaintiff, and making said injunction perpetual. Manly, J., writing the opinion for the Court, says: “A consideration of the subject-matter of this complaint, as disclosed by the pleadings, leads us to the conclusion that a place of interment of the dead is not necessarily a nuisance, but that this must depend upon the position and extent of the grounds, and especially upon the manner in which the burials are effected. The dead must be disposed of in some way, and burial in the earth, suggested by the received revelation of man’s origin and destiny, is that most generally resorted to.” In Clark v. Lawrence, 59 N. C., 83, a bill was filed to obtain an injunction to restrain the defendant, who was the trustee of a Baptist congregation in the town of Greenville, from permitting the churchyard to be used as a cemetery. The cause was transferred by consent, under the practice then obtaining, from the court of equity of Pitt County to this Court. Upon consideration of the pleadings, exhibits and proofs, it was ordered that an issue be tried in the Superior Court of Law for Pitt County, to determine “whether the burial of the dead in the church lot mentioned in the pleadings has produced, or, if continued, is likely to produce, sickness in the plaintiff’s family, or to impair their comfort, either by corrupting the air or the water in his wells.” Battle, J., says: *648 “Whenever, then, it can be clearly proved tbat a place of sepulture is so situated tbat tbe burial of tbe dead there will endanger life or health, either by corrupting tbe surrounding atmosphere, or tbe water of wells or springs, tbe court will grant its injunctive relief upon tbe ground tbat tbe act will be a nuisance of a kind likely to produce irreparable mischief, and one which cannot be adequately redressed by an action at law.” While, therefore, a cemetery in which tbe dead have been and will be buried, is not a nuisance per se, it may be shown tbat a particular cemetery, by reason of facts and circumstances affecting it, is a nuisance, and upon such showing, an injunction will be decreed, permanently enjoining and restraining tbe burial of dead bodies in such cemetery. In an action for such injunction, upon tbe finding by tbe judge tbat tbe cemetery or burial ground is and will continue to be a nuisance, a temporary restraining order will be issued, and after a bearing upon due notice to defendants, tbe order will be continued to tbe final bearing, when issues arising upon tbe pleadings involving tbe question as to whether tbe cemetery is a nuisance will be tried and determined. In tbe instant case, tbe judge having found for tbe purposes of tbe bearing tbat tbe cemetery in which defendants have buried dead bodies, is not a nuisance, and will not constitute a nuisance, if such bodies shall be buried therein, there was no error in dissolving tbe temporary restraining order for tbat reason. Plaintiffs contend, however, tbat tbe findings of fact made by tbe board of bealtb of Buncombe County, as tbe ground for tbe adoption of tbe ordinance, recited therein, are conclusive, and tbat therefore it was error for tbe judge to bear and consider affidavits offered by defendants to tbe contrary. This contention is presented more particularly by tbe assignment of error based on tbe exception to tbe finding tbat tbe ordinance is unreasonable, unconstitutional and void. Tbe principle tbat a statute enacted by tbe General Assembly, in tbe exercise of tbe police power of tbe State, to protect tbe public bealtb, cannot be challenged by an allegation tbat tbe use of private property prohibited by tbe statute does not in fact endanger tbe bealtb of tbe public, is not decisive of this contention. In Board of Health v. Commissioners, 173 N. C., 250, 91 S. E., 1019, it is said that “tbe conservation and protection of tbe public water supply are peculiarly within tbe police power of tbe State, referred very largely to tbe legislative discretion, entirely so with us, unless it clearly offends against some constitutional principle, and tbe Legislature, in tbe exercise of such powers, having forbidden tbe use of such stream for tbe purpose and in tbe manner described, its decision on tbe facts presented must be accepted as final, and defendants required to conform to tbe requirements of tbe law.” *649 There is manifestly, we think, a distinction between a statute enacted by the General Assembly, and a rule, regulation or ordinance made or adopted by a county board of health, under statutory authority. The General Assembly has the power and authority to enact statutes, subject only to constitutional limitations; whereas a board of health has only such power to make rules and regulations and to adopt ordinances as has been conferred upon it by statute. A county board of health, in this State, has the immediate care of and responsibility for the health interests of the county. It has the power to make such rules and regulations as are in its judgment necessary to protect and advance the public health. C. S., 7065. When the validity of a rule or regulation made by a board of health is challenged upon the ground that the facts found by the board as justification for the same are not true, the finding is not necessarily conclusive. One whose rights of person or of property are injuriously affected by the rule or regulation will be heard by the courts upon his allegation that the facts are otherwise than as found by the board. As said in S. v. Higgs, 126 N. C., 1014, 35 S. E., 473, if a thing is not in fact a nuisance, calling it a nuisance does not make it so. To hold otherwise might result in the deprivation of rights of person or property without due process of law. 12 R. C. L., 1281. It was not error for the judge in the instant case to hear and consider evidence offered by defendants in support of their contention that the facts did not justify the adoption of the ordinance by the board of health of Buncombe Oounty. Nor was it error to find from the evidence offered at the hearing, for the purpose only of passing on defendants’ motion, that the ordinance was unreasonable and therefore void. The order dissolving the temporary restraining order is Affirmed.