Paul v. . Davenport

*157 Barnhill, J. If the alleged codicil is valid as such and conveys a defeasible fee to Susan L. Blount then the plaintiff, daughter of W. A. Hodges, is the person to whom title to said land reverts. If the paper writing relied on by plaintiff as a codicil is void and of no effect then the defendants are the owners of the premises. A will, to he sufficient in law to convey any estate, real or personal, must have been written in the testator’s lifetime and signed by him, or by some other person in his presence and by his direction, and subscribed in his presence by two witnesses at least. C. S., 4131. The right to dispose of property by will is not a natural right. It is conferred and regulated by statute. Pullen v. Comrs., 66 N. C., 361; Peace v. Edwards, 170 N. C., 64, 86 S. E., 807. It is not effectual as a muniment of title unless executed as required by law and probated in accord with the terms of the statute. It is not required that the testator subscribe the will. If his name appears in his handwriting in the body of the will this is a sufficient signing within the meaning of the statute. Hall v. Misenheimer, 137 N. C., 183; Richards v. Lumber Co., 158 N. C., 54, 73 S. E., 485; Burriss v. Starr, 165 N. C., 657, 81 S. E., 929; Peace v. Edwards, supra. But the statute expressly requires that the will shall be subscribed in the presence of the testator by two witnesses at least. C. S., 4131. And there can be no will until it is written and acknowledged by the testator. Therefore, there can be no witnessing until this is done, and where the statute requires an instrument to be subscribed by witnesses, the names of the witnesses must appear at the end of the instrument. Richards v. Lumber Co., supra; Peace v. Edwards, supra; In re Fuller, 189 N. C., 509, 127 S. E., 549. A codicil must be executed with the same formality as a will and the requirements of the statute must be strictly observed. Spencer v. Spencer, 163 N. C., 83, 79 S. E., 291; Mordecai’s Law Lectures, Vol. 2, p. 1135. In probating a will the clerk is required to take, in writing, the proof and examinations of the witnesses touching the execution of the will and to embody the substance of such proof and examination in his certificate of the probate thereof, which certificate must be recorded with the will, C. S., 4143. And no will is effectual to pass title to real estate unless it shall have been duly proved and allowed in the probate court of the proper county and is recorded in the office of the Superior Court clerk of the county wherein the land is situate. C. S., 4163. Osborne v. Leah, 89 N. C., 433. It is apparent on the face of the record that the probate of the clerk related to the will of Martha E. Hodges which had been signed by her and witnesses as required by statute. It further .appears from the word *158 ing thereof that the alleged codicil was written subsequent to the execution of the will. It expressly refers to a will theretofore made and to material changes in circumstances since arising, and is likewise referred to as a codicil. It cannot be considered as a part and parcel of the original will. There is no evidence that Mary E. Hodges signed the same or that it has been subscribed by two witnesses to her signature. Nor is it made to appear that it is in the handwriting of the testatrix, or that it was found among her valuable papers and effects or was lodged in the hands of some person for safekeeping. Furthermore, there has been no probate thereof, without which, in any event, it is not effectual as a conveyance of real estate. See Riley v. Carter, 158 N. C., 484, 74 S. E., 463; C. S., 4163. On plaintiff’s appeal, the judgment below is Affirmed. DEFENDANTS’ APPEAL. In view of the disposition made of plaintiff’s appeal the question presented on the appeal of the defendants becomes immaterial. However, on the question as to whether the clerk had the right to amend his original probate reference may be had to Boggan v. Somers, 152 N. C., 390, 67 S. E., 965. Defendants’ appeal Dismissed.