State v. . Hancock

Clark:, C. J. The defendant, a trusted employee, as manager at Winston of a branch business, whose main office was at Memphis, Tenn., embezzled something over $3,100. He fled with some $2,500 of this and $100 of jewelry which he had bought with his employer’s money, and was arrested in San Francisco with $1,400 of the money on his person, unspent. The record presents only two assignments of error. 1. “Because the verdict was against the weight of the-evidence.” This is a matter in the discretion of the trial judge. Bird v. Bradburn, 131 N. C., 488; State v. Rose, 129 N. C., 577; Edwards v. Phifer, 120 N. C., 406. 2. Because of the form of the verdict. The verdict of the jury as. recorded is: “We return a verdict of guilty. We ask the mercy of the court, for the reason that some of the jurors have some doubt as to the sanity of the defendant.” The first sentence is the verdict in this case. It is complete: “We return a verdict of guilty.” The next sentence is a request to the court and is no part of the verdict. In State v. McKay, 150 N. C., 813, the jurors had rendered a verdict of “guilty of murder in the first degree, with mercy.” They were then directed by the court to find a verdict of “guilty” or “not guilty,” whereupon they returned a verdict of “guilty.” In writing the opinion of the Court, Brown, J., said: “We do not think the added words ‘with mercy,’ vitiated the verdict, had it been so received. These words simply amounted to a recommendation for mercy, and did not leave in doubt the grade of the verdict rendered. They were surplusage and no part of the verdict.” “A statement of the grounds of the verdict or a recommendation to mercy may be disregarded as surplusage.” Abbott Or. Trial Brief, 721, and cases cited. His Honor charged the jury that “if from the evidence they found that, just .prior to the alleged acts of the embezzlement by the defendant, the defendant had a diseased mind, and such a disease was' a permanent one, then the court charges you that the burden is upon the State to satisfy you beyond a reasonable doubt that at the time the defendant embezzled the money charged, if you find he did embezzle it, the defendant was sane-A-that is, he knew right from wrong and the nature and consequences of his acts; and if you are not so satisfied, you should acquit: but, if you should find from *701 tbe evidence tbat tbe defendant, at tbe time aforesaid, did bave a diseased mind, but tbat tbe character of tbe disease was sucb tbat tbe defendant bad lucid intervals; tbat if you find be was sane at times, and at times insane, tben tbe court charges you tbat tbe burden is upon tbe defendant to satisfy you, not beyond a reasonable doubt, but to satisfy you tbat at the time be took tbe money and committed tbe alleged acts of embezzlement, as charged in tbe bill of indictment; if you find be did take said money and was guilty of embezzlement, tbat be was at tbe time of said act of embezzlement insane — that is, tbat be did not bave sufficient mental capacity to know right from wrong and tbe consequences of tbe acts and deeds be was committing — and if be has not so satisfied you, you should convict tbe defendant of this charge.” Tbe defendant excepted. Taking tbe first part of this charge as correct, if tbe jury found tbe defendant permanently insane, they found him sane at the time of tbe commmission of tbe act, beyond a reasonable doubt, but said tbat “some of tbe jury bave some doubt of tbe sanity of tbe.prisoner,” clearly not amounting to “a reasonable doubt,” as we must presume tbat tbe jury followed tbe charge of tbe court. Indeed, tbe defendant only sought to prove “intermittent insanity with lucid intervals,” and tbe court correctly charged tbat tbe burden was on tbe defendant to show, not beyond a reasonable doubt, but to tbe satisfaction of tbe jury, tbat tbe embezzlement was accomplished while tbe defendant was insane, and tbe language of tbe jury evinces tbat it was not so satisfied. But tbe first part of tbe charge was erroneous as regards tbe State. By tbe uniform rulings in this State, tbe burden of proving insanity in a criminal case is on the defendant who sets it up. State v. Norwood, 115 N. C., 793; State v. Potts, 100 N. C., 457; State v. Payne, 86 N. C., 610; State v. Vann, 82 N. C., 637; State v. Starling, 51 N. C., 366, and there are many others in our Eeports. This is sustained by the great weight of authority elsewhere, though there are some States which bold a different doctrine. In State v. Clark, 101 Am. St., 1012, the jurisdictions maintaining tbe differing doctrines are marshalled, as is also done more exhaustively as well as more interestingly by Hawley, C. J., in State v. Lewis, 20 Nev., 333. Nowhere is tbe principle more clearly stated than in Baccigalupo’s case, 74 Va., 817, as follows: “In defense to a criminal prosecution upon tbe ground of insanity, it is not sufficient tbat tbe evidence should be of sucb a character only as to produce a doubt in tbe minds of tbe jury, but tbe onus probandi is always *702 on the accused to prove such insanity to their satisfaction.” This the defendant did not do. It was not suggested that he was not perfectly sane at the trial. The evidence showed him an active, capable business man; that 2 October he began using his employer’s money; that on 19 'October he drew out about $2,500, alleging that his employers would use it in building. To divert suspicion, he stated he was going to Danville, Va., and would return in two days. Thus getting a start of two days, he took an automobile to catch the northbound train at Greensboro for Washington, D. C.; at the latter place he bought a through ticket, under an assumed name, and by the quickest route, to Nagasaki, Japan; at Honolulu he doubled back (doubtless fearing extradition), and was arrested in San Francisco, still using the assumed name, which also was marked on his trunk, valise, handbag and on the band inside his hat. The day he left he wrote a letter to the main office, at Memphis, which the experts on both sides testified was written by a man who was at that time of a sound mind. There was evidence — never difficult to get — of some experts, selected and summoned by the defendant, throwing doubt upon the defendant’s sanity at times, there being evidence of some wild statements at times made by the defendant ; but, as there was evidence that he was a drinking man, the jury may have thought this sufficiently accounted for. At any rate, the burden was on the defendant to show to the satisfaction of the jury that he was insane at the time of the commission of the offense. All that he did was to raise some doubt in the minds of some of the jury, who, nevertheless, found him guilty. The plea of insanity was not proven to their satisfaction. Else, under the charge of the court, they must have acquitted the defendant. No error.