Torkelson v. Byrne

*18 Gronna, Dist. J. This is an election contest. The case is here for trial de novo. At the general election held on November 3, 1936, Theo. B. Torkelson, the contestant and appellant, was a candidate for reelection to the office of state’s attorney of Bowman county and M. S. Byrne, contestee and respondent, was the only opponent. Their names appeared on the no party ballots. The canvass of the official precinct returns, by the county canvassing board, showed that Byrne received 1060 votes and Torkelson 1053, or a majority of 7. The county auditor issued a certificate of election to Byrne. Torkelson instituted this contest proceeding and the district court of Bowman county found that Byrne had been elected by a majority of only one vote, namely, that Byrne had received 1043 votes and Torkelson 1042. Torkelson’s notice of contest challenges only one precinct, namely, precinct 34, comprising a part of the village of Bowman. The vote of precinct 34, as returned by the precinct board, showed that 245 votes had been cast for state’s attorney, of which 150 votes were cast .for Byrne and 95 for Torkelson. *19 In this precinct some of the ballots were cast without having endorsed thereon the official stamp and initials as required by § 985, Compiled Laws 1913. Section 1006, Compiled Laws 1913, expressly provides that such ballots are void and should not be counted. Ballots which have not been endorsed as required by § 985 are void whether they be absent voters ballots or regular ballots. Weber v. O’Connell, 55 N. D. 867, 215 N. W. 539. Section 985 requires that: “Before delivering any ballot to an elector the inspector or judge shall print on the back and near the top of the ballot with, a stamp provided for that purpose, the designation ‘official ballot’ and the other words provided for in § 965 and also write his initials thereon.” Section 965, Compiled Laws 1913, provides that such official ballot stamp shall contain, in addition to the words “official ballot,” the name and number of the precinct, the name of the county, and the date of election. The official stamp provided for precinct 34 was in proper form and most of the ballots were endorsed with such stamp and initialed by the inspector, Bobert Skare. (Hereafter in this opinion when the phrases “endorsed ballots,” or “ballots not endorsed,” or the equivalent thereof are used, reference is made to ballots which have or have not been, as the case may be, endorsed with the official stamp and initials as required by § 985 prior to the time such ballots were deposited in the ballot box.) After the polls were closed inspector Skare wrongfully endorsed the official stamp and his initials upon all ballots not endorsed. Of course, this belated endorsement did not make such void ballots valid. Ballots which are not endorsed by the official stamp and initials until after they have been deposited in the ballot box are void. No formal record was kept of the number of ballots not endorsed, although inspector Skare testified he had counted 20 absent voters no party ballots which were not endorsed and that there were not more than 4 regular no party ballots not endorsed, although he had not counted such regular ballots. One of the judges of the precinct, number 34, Joseph A. Bisher, testified that although he had not counted the ballots not endorsed that in his opinion there were 16 or 18 of *20 tbe absent voters no party ballots not endorsed and 7 or 8 of tbe regular no party ballots not endorsed. At this point it may be well to note that in precinct 34 there was no excess of ballots over tbe number of qualified electors who bad cast ballots. Tbe testimony shows that after tbe votes were counted tbe election board compared tbe count as disclosed by tbe clerk’s books with the total number of ballots cast and found that the number of ballots cast was the same as the number of qualified electors who had cast ballots. It will also be noted that this contest proceeding has arisen because of tbe belated endorsement of ballots not endorsed. If such void ballots had not been endorsed after tbe polls were closed, of course, they could have been readily identified by the absence of an official endorsement on them. By reason of such tampering tbe district court was presented with tbe problem of: (1) ascertaining the number of ballots which were not endorsed and, (2) identifying, if possible, such ballots and using tbe ballots in ascertaining whether they were cast for Torkelson or Byrne; (3) as to those ballots which could not be identified, tbe court was presented with the problem of proof, by means of secondary evidence, as to whom such ballots were cast for. The district court correctly found that there were 25 absent voters no party ballots cast in precinct 34, of which 17 were for Byrne and 8 for Torkelson. These absent voters ballots, which were received in evidence, were yellow in color and had the words “absent voter” printed on them and thus they were easily identified and easily distinguishable from the regular ballots which were white in color. The district court found that 20 of these absent voters no party ballots were not endorsed and correctly concluded that they were void because they were not endorsed. The remaining 5 were also found void for the following reasons. The testimony of the precinct officials discloses that the last five names in the poll book are the names of absent voters who marked their no party ballots outside of the state of North Dakota. Just before the closing of the polls the election board discussed the matter of voting the ballots of these 5 absent voters. Following the discussion the inspector stamped and initialed them before- they were dropped into the ballot box. The district court found, and correctly so,- that *21 these 5 absent voters no party ballots were void because the oaths of electors, as evidenced on the envelopes containing such ballots, had not been administered by an authorized officer within the meaning of § 998, Compiled Laws 1913, such oaths having been administered outside of this State by a United States postmaster who used a postmaster’s dating stamp as a seal. Section 998, Compiled Laws 1913, provides that: “Such absent voter shall make and subscribe the said affidavit before an officer authorized by law to administer oaths and who has'an official seal.” A United States postmaster is not “an officer authorized by law to administer oaths” within the meaning of § 998 for two reasons, (1) because he does not have an official seal. A postmaster’s dating stamp is not a legal seal within the meaning of § 998. (2) Because he is not an officer authorized to administer oaths under the provisions of § 833, Compiled Laws 1913, as amended by chapter 183, Session Laws of 1929. With regard to this matter of what officers are authorized to administer oaths in the foreign state wherein said postmaster administered such oaths it will be presumed that the law of that state is the same as the law of this State. Chapter 213, Session Laws of 1933, provides: “That the foreign law will be presumed to be the same as the law of the State of North Dakota in the absence of rebutting evidence.” An affidavit is a written statement under oath taken before an authorized officer. (See Comp. Laws 1913, §§ 7884 and 7888.) Unless the officer has been authorized to administer the oath, the instrument does not even constitute an affidavit. 2 C. J. S. § 10, page 929. Accordingly, inasmuch as the postmaster was not authorized to administer oaths to said absent voters, their affidavits are “insufficient” within the meaning of § 1001, Compiled Laws 1913, which provides: “In case such affidavit is found to be insufficient . .■ . such vote shall not be allowed, but without opening the absent voter envelope, the election inspector or a judge of such election shall mark across the face thereof, ^Rejected as defective.’ ” For the foregoing reasons said 5 absent voters no party ballots were void and should not have been counted by the precinct board. With respect to the regular no party ballots not endorsed, their *22 identity was destroyed when, after the polls were closed, inspector Skare endorsed them. Thus such ballots were no longer primary evidence as to the number of regular no party ballots not endorsed and the best evidence available was merely secondary evidence, which in this case consisted of the testimony of inspector Skare, election judge Fisher, and voters Bergeson, Brewer, and ICysar as to the number of regular no party ballots not endorsed. The contestant, Torkelson, objects strenuously to the finding of the district court that there were only 3 of the regular no party ballots not endorsed. Torkelson contends that there were 7 or 8. The district court accepted the testimony of inspector Skare as being a correct statement of the facts. Skare testified that there were not more than 4 and Fisher testified that there were 7 or 8, although both .of these witnesses testified that they had not counted such regular ballots. It appears from the testimony given that inspector Skare was in a better position to observe the number of ballots not endorsed than was election judge Fisher, inasmuch as Skare himself had, after the polls were closed, endorsed the ballots not endorsed, whereas Fisher had merely assisted the other precinct officials in sorting out the ballots and laying before Skare the ballots not endorsed. Furthermore Share’s testimony is more positive than is Fisher’s as to the number of ballots not endorsed. In the case of the absent voters ballots not endorsed Skare testified that he had-actually counted 20 of them. Fisher, on the other hand, admitted that he had not counted them and merely gave his opinion that 16 or 18 of such absent voters ballots were not endorsed. As to the number of such absent voters no party ballots not endorsed the district judge accepted the testimony of Skare. This was to the advantage of Torkelson. Then as to the number of regular no party ballots not endorsed, the district court likewise accepted the testimony of Skare. The district judge in his memorandum opinion said: “Statements of contestant’s witnesses as to the number of unmarked regular no party ballots are mere guesses, and there is such a variance between their estimates as to render the contestant’s proof very uncertain. . . .” Here the trial judge was referring to the testimony of witnesses Fisher and Olson. Olson was an election clerk of precinct 34. He testified that there were 5 or 6 of all kinds of ballots not endorsed *23 that he saw or noticed, although he did not know what part of this number was regular no party ballots which were not endorsed. While this case is here on a trial de novo the findings of the trial judge, who saw and heard the witnesses, are entitled to appreciable weight. Hayhurst v. Hayhurst, 66 N. D. 465, 266 N. W. 653; Donovan v. Johnson, 67 N. D. 450, 274 N. W. 124. Share’s testimony does not fix the number of unendorsed regular no party ballots at a definite number, it merely fixes the maximum number at 4. At the second hearing contestee, Byrne, called three witnesses, Bergeson, Brewer, and Kysar, who testified that their ballots were not endorsed. The trial court found that as to the regular no party ballots only these 3 were proved to be void. In this connection the trial court’s memorandum calls attention to the rule that the burden of proof is on the contestant to prove the grounds of his contest. 20 C. J. 239, § 323. The contestant’s notice of contest alleges that void votes were cast and counted. The contestee’s answer specifically denies this. Since the issue is raised by the contestant the burden of proof thereon rests upon him. In McDonald v. Koths, 63 N. D. 716, 249 N. W. 706, it was held that the election contestant has the burden of establishing that he has received a majority of legal votes. The court said, at page 719, of 63 North Dakota: “The burden of proof is upon the contestant and it is important to determine whether he has shown that a sufficient number of these 69 ballots were double marked when canvassed by election boards, so that if rejected the contestant would have a majority of legal votes.” The contestant, Torkelson, emphatically objects to the testimony of three electors of precinct 34 — Bergeson, Brewer, and Kysar, who testified that the no party ballots cast by them were not endorsed and they had voted for Torkelson. Without any objection on their nart these three electors testified that the regular no party ballots cast by them were not endorsed. Electors Bergeson and Kysar, without any objection on their part, testified that they had cast their ballots for Torkelson. Elector Brewer, however, objected to testifying as to whom he had voted for, claiming the privilege of the secret ballot. His *24 objection was overruled and his claim of privilege denied. Whereupon Brewer testified that he had voted for Torkelson. The contestant Torkelson insists that a voter should not be permitted to testify as to the person for whom he has voted at an election. Contestant contends that the constitutional provision that “All elections by the people shall be by secret ballot, . . .” (N. D. Const. § 129) was not simply intended as a security to the elector for the free and independent exercise of the right of suffrage but that from considerations of public policy it should be held to prevent the voter, under any circumstances, from disclosing before a judicial tribunal how he voted. But this point was overruled by the district court. This court affirms that ruling on the ground that while a voter has the privilege of preserving the secrecy of his ballot by refusing to testify as to its contents, he is at liberty to waive that privilege. While it is axiomatic that a qualified elector cannot be compelled to disclose for whom he voted, it is also true that this privilege of secrecy is entirely a personal one, and a voter himself may waive his privilege and testify for whom he voted. Thus, in the case at bar, the electors, Bergeson and Kysar, having waived their personal privilege of secrecy, were properly permitted to testify as to whom their respective ballots were cast for. A qualified elector is not to be branded as an unqualified or illegal voter and is not to be shorn of his privilege of secrecy merely because an election inspector has neglected to endorse the ballot cast by such elector. The adjectives “unqualified” and “illegal” refer to the condition or status of the elector himself at the time he cast his ballot rather than to the ballot itself. While the omission to endorse the ballot renders the vote void “This is an omission that the voter is in no wise responsible for.” Grubb v. Dewing, 48 N. D. 774, at page 778, 187 N. W. 157. Thus, in the case at bar, the district court erroneously denied elector Brewer’s claim of privilege. However, such error cannot be raised by Torkelson. He cannot take advantage of such error inasmuch as the privilege is purely personal to the elector. Neither party to the contest has a right to the exclusion of such evidence on the ground that such evidence violated the electors’ privilege of secrecy. Inasmuch as the elector Brewer is not a party to this proceeding we *25 axe only incidentally concerned with the essential principle of the elective system which clothes all qualified electors with the privilege of secrecy. In this proceeding we are primarily concerned with the ascertainment of the truth as to the number of legal votes cast for the parties to the contest. Robinson v. McAbee (1923) 64 Cal. App. 709, 222 P. 871, involved an election contest wherein it was held that the trial court’s action in compelling a witness, not qualified to vote and not a party to the contest, to state for whom she voted as against her objection that her testimony would tend to incriminate her, was not prejudicial to contestee’s rights, and could not be availed of by him. At page 713 of 64 Cal. App., page 873 of 222 Pac., the California court said: “Whether the court’s action in compelling her to testify involved a violation of her right to refuse to testify on the ground stated is a matter which can in no manner concern the contestee or which could have operated prejudicially against his rights in the trial of the contest.” Robinson v. McAbee, supra, was cited with approval in Orum v. State (1923) 38 Ohio App. 171, 175 N. E. 876, a criminal action wherein it was held that the defendant cannot complain of the court’s error in requiring the witness to answer a question tending to incriminate, even though the testimony tended to prove the defendant guilty of the crime charged. The Ohio court said: “Not only has the defendant no right to require the court to instruct the witness regarding his legal rights, but, if the witness claims the privilege of refusing to answer a question on the ground that his answer would tend to incriminate him, and the court disregards the request, and requires the witness to answer, the defendant has no right to object, and it is not reversible error in the reviewing court, even if the trial court erred in requiring the witness to answer, and the error tends to prove the defendant guilty of the crime charged. “ 'The privilege of refusing to answer is personal to the witness, and is not in any sense the privilege of the party calling him. Mr. Chief Justice Nelson, in Cloyes v. Thayer, 3 Hill, 564, says: “If ordered to testify in a case where he is privileged, it is a matter exclusively between the Court and the witness. The latter may stand out and be committed for contempt, or he may submit; but the party *26 has no right to interfere or complain of the error.” ’ Clark v. Reese, 35 Cal. 89, 95. “This question was before the federal Circuit Court of Appeals. That court referring to the rights of a party, said: “ ‘The party to the suit has no right to insist upon it, except when he is himself the witness. And if the witness waives his privilege, or the court disregards it, and requires him to answer, the party has no right to interfere or complain of the error.’ Morgan v. Halberstadt (C. C. A. 2d) 60 F. 592, 596. “See also State v. Cobley, 128 Iowa, 114, 103 N. W. 99; Ingersol v. McWille, 87 Tex. 647, 30 S. W. 869; State v. Van Winkle, 80 Iowa, 15, 45 N. W. 388; Samuel v. People, 164 Ill. 379, 45 N. E. 728; Beauvoir Club v. State, 148 Ala. 643, 42 So. 1040, 121 Am. St. Rep. 82; Robinson v. McAbee, 64 Cal. App. 709, 222 P. 871; State v. Crisinger, 197 Iowa, 613, 195 N. W. 998; State v. Rowley, 198 Iowa, 613, 198 N. W. 37, 39, 199 N. W. 369. “The Supreme Court of Iowa said in this last case, in the opinion: “ ‘It is further urged that the court erred in compelling the prosecuting witness, Wilma Kirby, to testify over her objection that the testimony solicited tended to incriminate her. The testimony of this witness was clearly competent, and therefore admissible as against the defendant. If the privilege to the witness was denied wrongfully, the wrong was to the witness, and not to this defendant.’ ” Orum v. State, 38 Ohio App. 171, 175 N. E. 876, supra, also cites with approval the leading case of Samuel v. People, 164 Ill. 379, 45 N. E. 728, wherein a witness was erroneously compelled to testify, in spite of his claim of privilege, on the ground that his evidence tended to incriminate him. Held, that this is not ground for exception. Samuel v. People, supra, a criminal action, is cited with approval in State v. Wilkins (1930) 156 Wash. 456, 287 P. 23, wherein the defendant was convicted of first degree murder, which conviction was affirmed. The AVashington court refers to Samuel v. People, supra, as one of the leading cases on this matter and quotes extensively from such case, including the following statement appearing at page 386 of 164 Ill., page 730 of 45 N. E. “As the privilege is personal to the witness, he may waive it, and elect to testify. . . . This being so, the evidence *27 is equally good where the witness, instead of giving it voluntarily, is compelled to give it.” In 4 Wigmore on Evidence, 2d ed. § 2196, at page 660, the above view is supported thus: “(2) (a) An improper ruling by the Court, upon a question of privilege, cannot be excepted to by the party as an error justifying an appeal and a new trial, if the ruling denies the privilege and compels the witness to testify. By hypothesis, the privilege does not exist for the benefit of the party nor for the sake of the better ascertainment of the truth of his cause. The offered testimony is relevant, and is, in all other respects than the privilege, admissible. The admission of it, by denying the privilege, has not introduced material which in any way renders less trustworthy the finding of the verdict; on the contrary, only the exclusion of it could have been an obstacle to the ascertainment of the truth. The only interest injured is that of the witness himself, who has been forced to comply with a supposed duty, which as between himself and the State did not exist; his remedy was to refuse to obey, and to appeal for vindication if the Court had attempted improperly to use compulsory process of contempt.” Did the district court err in permitting said three electors to 'testify that their ballots were not endorsed? Was such testimony rendered inadmissible by the provisions of § 1042, Compiled Laws 1913, prohibiting a voter from identifying his ballot by marking or showing his ballot so as to reveal the contents thereof ? Referring to such a statute as 1042, we find the following statement in 9 R. C. L. p. 1047: “So careful have legislatures become in providing for secrecy that the voter is frequently prohibited from in any way marking his ballot for the purpose of subsequent identification.” Section 1042 prohibits a voter from identifying his ballot and revealing its contents at the time he casts such ballot. Accordingly, § 1042 is inapplicable here and the provisions thereof do not render inadmissible the testimony of said three electors to the effect that their ballots were not endorsed. The provisions of § 1042 do not render such testimony inadmissible for the further reason that such testimony in itself does not identify the voter’s ballot or reveal the contents thereof. As stated above, the regular no party ballots not endorsed were *28 not available as primary evidence and accordingly secondary evidence was resorted to. The testimony of said three electors was admissible as secondary evidence under the best evidence rule. While the original ballots are the best evidence when their identity has been established, if such identity cannot be established the ballots lose their character as primary evidence and then secondary evidence is admissible. In such a case the testimony of the voter is admissible as to, (1) whether or not his ballot was endorsed, and (2) if not, for whom he cast such void ballot. The contestant, Torkelson, objects to the testimony of the three electors, Bergeson, Brewer, and Kysar, that they had voted for Torkelson on the further ground that such testimony was received at the second hearing of this proceeding after it had been remanded by this court. This testimony was, of course, within the issues raised by the notice of contest and answer. The first hearing in the district court was held December 10, 1936 and the contestant, Torkelson, appealed from an adverse judgment. This court, having heard the arguments of the parties, issued an order on March 13, 1937, remanding the case to the district court with directions that further proceedings be had. (Sess. Laws 1927, chap. 214.) Accordingly, on April 20, 1937, the district court heard further testimony, including the testimony of said three electors as to whom they had voted for. It was at the first hearing that inspector Skare testified that there were not more than 4 regular no party ballots not endorsed and such testimony was within the issues of this contest. In particular this objection of the contestant is based on his construction of said remanding order. The contestant construes it as remanding the case for the sole purpose of producing and examining the absent voters ballots, which were not received in evidence until the second hearing. However, the terms of this court’s remanding order specifically provide: “That both parties be afforded opportunity to offer such additional evidence as they may desire tending to show for whom the several invalid ballots in election precinct No. 34 in Bowman County were cast and counted for the office of State’s Attorney.” As shown above the testimony of the three electors at the second hearing as to whom they had voted for concerned regular no party ballots shown to be invalid by the testimony of inspector Skare at the *29 first hearing. Accordingly such testimony of said three electors was properly received pursuant to the provisions of the above quoted remanding order. Several days after the second hearing had on April 20 the contestant Torkelson moved the district court for an order to reopen the case for the sole purpose of cross examining the witness Kysar for impeachment purposes only. The district court properly denied such motion to reopen. At such second hearing the contestee, Byrne, called the elector Kysar as a witness. Kysar testified that his ballot was not endorsed when the same was cast. Kysar also testified, over the contestant’s objection, that he voted for the contestant Torkelson. The application to reopen alleges that the contestee was the attorney for an estate in which the witness Kysar was the sole heir. This allegation was supported by the affidavits of Torkelson and the county judge. At the second hearing the contestant did not ask Kysar whether or not Byrne was his attorney. Torkelson’s affidavit in support of his motion to reopen also recites that he, Torkelson, has been informed that since the second hearing the witness Kysar has “made remarks in the hearing of a number of persons which would strongly tend to indicate that he did not, in fact, vote for the contestant, Torkelson, for the office of State’s Attorney, at the said election, but did vote for the contestee, M. S. Byrne. . . .” Torkelson’s affidavit failed to disclose what the remarks were, who had made them, to whom they were made, or the materiality of the remarks as proper impeachment evidence. Torkelson’s statement concerning such recitations are hearsay. Such affidavit did not specify what witnesses or evidence Torkelson would offer; there was no disclosure as to the availability or substance of the evidence sought to be introduced. The affidavit did not disclose whether the probative effect of the alleged remarks of third persons was such as to render a different result probable in the event the motion to reopen was granted. “When it is permissible to make an affidavit on information and belief, the source of the information and the grounds of the belief must be stated so that the court will have sufficient information to draw its own conclusions therefrom.” 2 C. J. S., Affidavits, § 26, p. 982; 1 Am. Jur., Affidavits, §§ 22 and 24, pp. 948 and 951. *30 “Averments which merely state opinions or legal conclusions or characterizations, speculations, and inferences, instead of facts are insufficient.” 2 C. J. S., Affidavits, § 16b, p. 952. “The principal test of the sufficiency of an affidavit is whether it is so clear and certain that an indictment for perjury could be predicated thereon if it were false.” 2 C. J. S., Affidavits, § 18, p. 955. A motion to reopen a case for the purpose of cross-examining a witness for impeachment purposes only is addressed to the sound judicial discretion of the trial court and that court’s ruling thereon will not be disturbed in the absence of a manifest abuse of such discretion. In the American Digest, Third Decennial ed. under the subject “Trial,” key number 68, subtitle “Reopening case for further evidence after close of evidence” the following general statement appears: “The reopening of a case after the close of the evidence rests in the discretion of the trial court.” “A motion to reopen a case for the purpose of introducing further evidence in the cause is addressed to the sound discretion of the court, the exercise of which is not subject to review, unless there has been an abuse thereof. . . . While the exercise of the court’s discretion should not be hampered by unreasonable conditions, such discretion is judicial and not arbitrary.” 64 C. J. 158, § 179. In Michner v. Ford, 78 Kan. 837, 98 P. 273, it was held that where the district court, after trial of a case without a jury, takes it under advisement, and a party on the next day applies to introduce further testimony, the court may, in its discretion, refuse to reopen the case for the reason that the evidence should have been presented at the proper time. In Michner v. Ford, supra, the Supreme Court of Kansas said, at page 840, of 78 Kan., page 274 of 98 Pac.: “. . . the court based its refusal solely upon the ground that the evidence should have been presented at the proper time. This action of the court is claimed to be erroneous. We are unable to concur in this conclusion. Courts must be left free to control the conduct of the business before them, and the charge of abuse of discretion cannot be sustained unless clearly shown. We cannot say that it is improper for a trial court to require trials to be finished when the parties rest and submit the case.” In the case at bar, in denying such motion to reopen, the memoran *31 dum of the district court further calls attention to the fact that “there have been two hearings and both parties have had opportunity to submit all their facts.” It was discretionary with the trial court whether or not to permit the recall of the witness Kysar for cross-examination for impeachment purposes only and there has been no breach of discretion on the part of the trial court in denying the motion to reopen for such purpose. The contestant, Torkelson, called inspector Skare as a witness at the first hearing and on direct examination such witness testified that there were 20 absent voters no party ballots not endorsed. The contestant contends that it was improper cross-examination to ask this witness as to the number of regular no party ballots not endorsed inasmuch as the witness was not questioned on direct examination as to such ballots. This contention on the part of the contestant may be disposed of on the simple ground that the contestant failed to object to such cross-examination. “An objection . . . that the cross-examination of a witness exceeded its proper scope cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. . ." 10 C. J. 681, note 45. As stated above Torkelson’s notice of contest challenges only one precinct, the 34th. The gist of the notice of contest is that the entire vote of this precinct should be thrown out as void for the reason that an indefinite number of the ballots not endorsed were endorsed after the polls were closed; that in this manner the precinct board fraudulently and corruptly altered void ballots so as to make them appear to be legal and intermingled them with the valid ballots so as to render them indistinguishable therefrom and counted the votes cast thereby, to the effect of rendering the result of the election uncertain and incapable of ascertainment as between the parties to this contest. There has been a failure of proof of this allegation inasmuch as it affirmatively appears that the number of ballots not endorsed are definite rather than indefinite and that the result of the unlawful act of endorsing ballots after the polls are closed would not render the result of the election uncertain and incapable of ascertainment as between the parties to this election. On the contrary the district court found, and correctly so, that the precinct board received and counted 28 void ballots, 25 of which were absent voters no party ballots and *32 the other 3 regular no party ballots. Of the 25 absent voters no party ballots, all void, 17 of them had been cast for Byrne and 8 for Torkelson. The 3 void regular no party ballots were cast for Torkelson. Thus Byrne retains a majority of one vote. “The rule is clear and sound that an election is not to be set aside because of an irregularity unless it appears that the irregularity affected the result.” Behrendt v. Wilcox, 277 Mich. 232, 269 N. W. 155 at page 161. There is no statutory provision which excludes the entire vote of precinct 34 or which makes the election therein void. Section 1006, Compiled Laws 1913 does not so provide. Section 1006 declares void only such ballots as have not been endorsed. “There is no provision in the statute which excludes the vote of the precinct or says the election therein shall be void. . . . The primary object of an election is to enable the voters of the precinct to express their choice of candidates. They ought not to be deprived of the right to express that choice by the fault or neglect of election officials. The authorities all recognize that fraud upon the part of the voter vitiates his ballot, but fraud or mistake on the part of the inspectors of election should not operate to defeat the will of the voter.” Atty. Gen. ex rel. Miller v. Miller, 266 Mich. 127, 253 N. W. 241, at page 243, 106 A.L.R. 387. The judgment of the district court is affirmed. Nuessle, Burr, and Morris, JJ., concur.