State v. Delagraza

James D. Sweeney, Presiding Judge. Plaintiff-appellant state of Ohio appeals from the trial court’s decision to grant the motion to suppress filed by defendant-appellee David L. Delagraza. The appellee was arrested and indicted for possession of crack cocaine, in an amount less than one gram, in violation of R.C. 2925.11. The state called Cleveland Police Officer Carlos Robles. Officer Robles is an experienced officer who has been with the Cleveland Police Department since 1993. Officer Robles and his partner, Officer George Kwan, are assigned as patrolmen to the Fourth District. *476 On the evening of October 19, 1999, the officers, while on a routine patrol, were using binoculars to keep the corner of East 102nd Street and Mount Auburn under surveillance. This area is known for drug activity and Officer Robles has made approximately five hundred arrests in this area in the last five years. The officers were down the street in an unlit area; however, Officer Robles testified that they were able to look straight up the street with no obstructions. The area itself is well-lit because there are both street lights and additional lighting from a nearby elementary school. The officers observed Allen Harris flagging down passing motorists. He was wearing an orange coat and attempting to draw attention to himself by standing in the street and yelling. Based on their experience, the officers believed that Harris was soliciting drug transactions. On three separate occasions, the officers witnessed Harris stop driving motorists. The first time Harris walked up to the car, talked, and then walked away. On the second and third stops, Harris “walked up to the auto, leaned into the auto, talked to the people, did what appeared to be some sort of transaction between himself and the occupants of the auto, then walked away back onto the sidewalk or curb of the street. Then the auto pulled away.” After the third vehicle pulled away, the officer pulled their zone car forward in order to investigate what they believed to be a sale of narcotics. As they were halfway to the corner they observed another automobile, a brown van, pull up near Harris and park at the curb. Harris approached the van and began to speak to the driver. Based on the observations the officers made regarding the behavior of Harris and the prior two vehicles, the officers believed that another drug transaction was occurring. The officers pulled the police vehicle in front of the brown van, turned on their lights, and ordered the occupants of the vehicle and Harris to raise their hands. Harris complied with the officers’ directions, but the men in the van refused. Officer Robles testified that the occupants were “making furtive movements below 'waist level.” When the officers pulled up, the men were “hunched over and put their hands down, started moving them around. Myself and Officer Kwan ordered them at gunpoint to stop moving. They refused. We had to order it 3 more times before both the males in the car raised their hands.” When the males in the vehicle failed to comply, the officers drew their weapons. At this point several other zone cars arrived. Based on his experience, Officer Robles believed that the men had either contraband or a weapon and he was in fear for his safety. On cross-examination, the following exchange occurred: “Q. And in this case, you say that you saw an individual, who you later determined to be Allen Harris, running down the cars? *477 “A. That’s correct. “Q. Now, you never actually saw, prior to the arrest in this case, Allen Harris, with any drugs in his hand, did you, sir? “A. I could never see that, no, sir. “Q. My question was, you didn’t see any drugs in his hand? “A. No, sir. “Q. You never saw Allen Harris hand any drugs to any occupants of any cars that he had conversations with, correct, sir? “A. That’s correct. “Q. And you never saw any occupants of any cars hand Allen Harris any drugs or money, correct, sir? “A. On that particular evening, no. “Q. I’m talking about that night, sir. “A. No. “Q. And, in fact, as of the time that you determined that you were going to approach Allen Harris, you had seen no drug transactions occur, correct, sir? “A. I can’t be sure of that. “Q. You had not seen anyone physically exchange drugs or money as of the time you started your car with the intent of pursuing Allen Harris, correct? “A. No, I did not see drugs or money exchange hands. “Q. You hadn’t seen any weapons visible, correct? “A. No, I did not.” Officer Robles testified that there was nothing illegal about the manner in which the van was pulled over to the curb. Allen Harris approached the vehicle and spoke to the driver through the window on the driver’s side. The officer testified that he did not see Harris hand anything to the appellant and he did not see the appellee hand anything to Harris. When questioned on cross-examination regarding the furtive movements the officers observed, Officer Robles testified that he could see the heads and upper bodies of the males in the van, but not their hands, waists, or legs. “He hadn’t a clue” as to what the men were doing with their hands. Officer Robles further testified that “once their shoulders started moving, I kind of guessed it was a furtive movement.” The sole reason the van was approached was based on the behavior of Harris and on the officers’ prior police experience. *478 The court, after closing arguments, made the following statement on the record: “Well, while I believe that the officers, arguably, had reasonable and articulable suspicion to effect a Terry-type stop regarding Mr. Harris, I believe what we have here is a ‘hunch’ that does not give rise to the level of the proof of requirement of reasonable and articulable suspicion to satisfy Terry [v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889] or the factors in [State v.] Bobo [ (1988), 37 Ohio St.3d 177, 524 N.E.2d 489]. I don’t believe, by the way, a person has to be a narcotics detective to effect stop. However, in this case, I believe what we had was a ‘hunch’ that doesn’t give rise to that level and therefore I’m going to grant the motion.” The appellant sets forth one assignment of error: “The trial court erred in suppressing the evidence since the investigative stop was supported by articulable reasonable suspicion that the defendant was engaging in drug trafficking activities.” The appellant argues that the trial court erred in finding that there was not a reasonable and articulable suspicion sufficient to stop the appellee under Terry, and Bobo, supra. As the Ohio Supreme Court noted in State v. Orr (2001), 91 Ohio St.3d 389, 745 N.E.2d 1036, the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, provides: “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, .and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” Section 14, Article I of the Ohio Constitution, which contains language nearly identical to its federal counterpart, also prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. Because Section 14, Article I and the Fourth Amendment contain virtually identical language, they have been interpreted as affording the same protection. See State v. Robinette (1997), 80 Ohio St.3d 234, 238, 685 N.E.2d 762, 766-767. In State v. Moore (2000), 90 Ohio St.3d 47, 734 N.E.2d 804, the court held that for a search or seizure to be reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, it must be based upon probable cause and executed pursuant to a warrant. Id., 90 Ohio St.3d at 49, 734 N.E.2d at 806, citing Katz v. United States (1967), 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S.Ct. 507, 514, 19 L.Ed.2d 576, 585; State v. Brown (1992), 63 Ohio St.3d 349, 350, 588 N.E.2d 113, 113-114. This requires a two-step analysis. First, there must be probable cause. If probable cause exists, then a search warrant must be obtained unless an exception to the warrant requirement *479 applies. If the state fails to satisfy either step, the evidence seized in the unreasonable search must be suppressed. Id., 90 Ohio St.3d at 49, 734 N.E.2d at 806-807, citing Mapp v. Ohio (1961), 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081; AL Post 763 v. Ohio Liquor Control Comm. (1998), 82 Ohio St.3d 108, 111, 694 N.E.2d 905. As the Ohio Supreme Court stated in Moore, supra, once a law enforcement officer has probable cause to believe that a vehicle contains contraband, he or she may search a validly stopped motor vehicle based upon the well-established automobile exception to the warrant requirement. Id., 90 Ohio St.3d at 51, 734 N.E.2d at 808, citing Maryland v. Dyson (1999), 527 U.S. 465, 466, 119 S.Ct. 2013, 2014, 144 L.Ed.2d 442, 445; United States v. Ross (1982), 456 U.S. 798, 804, 102 S.Ct. 2157, 2162, 72 L.Ed.2d 572, 580; State v. Mills (1992), 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 582 N.E.2d 972. At a suppression hearing, as at trial, the evaluation of evidence and the credibility of witnesses are issues for the trier of fact. State v. Treesh (2001), 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 739 N.E.2d 749; Mills, supra, at 366, 582 N.E.2d at 981-982. As this court held in State v. Bryson (2001), 142 Ohio App.3d 397, 755 N.E.2d 964, appellate courts should give great deference to the judgment of the trier of fact. Ornelas v. United States (1996), 517 U.S. 690, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 134 L.Ed.2d 911; State v. George (1989), 45 Ohio St.3d 325, 544 N.E.2d 640. Accordingly, we are bound to accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. State v. Klein (1991), 73 Ohio App.3d 486, 597 N.E.2d 1141; State v. Armstrong (1995), 103 Ohio App.3d 416, 659 N.E.2d 844; State v. Williams (1993), 86 Ohio App.3d 37, 619 N.E.2d 1141. In the case sub judice, the trial court determined that, as a factual matter, the officer acted on a hunch. The trial court’s factual finding is supported in the record by testimony that the officers at no time observed Harris with any drugs, did not see any drugs placed into the hands of any motorists, did not see any motorists hand Harris money, and observed no exchange between Harris and the appellee. Officer Robles testified that he “hadn’t a clue” as to what the appellee’s hands were doing and “guessed” that the movements of the appellee were furtive. Two additional facts are noteworthy. First, the police officers were patrolmen and were members of neither a vice unit nor narcotics unit. Second, during his testimony, Officer Robles stated that the decision to investigate the activities of Allen Harris had been made prior to the appellant’s entry into the area. Giving deference to the trial court’s finding of fact, this court must conclude that the trial court did not err in granting the appellee’s motion to suppress. The appellant’s assignment of error is overruled. Judgment affirmed. *480 Ann Dyke, J., concurs. Michael J. Corrigan, J., dissents.