Eastman v. Benchmark Minerals, Inc.

Strausbaugh, J. This is an appeal by defendant, Steven Hillman, from a judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Franklin County finding him liable to plaintiff, Robert H. Eastman, in the amount of $10,000, plus interest and costs. This action arose out of the purchase of ten shares of stock in Benchmark Minerals, Inc., on January 12, 1981. Defendant aided in this sale of stock to plaintiff, which shares of stock were never registered or exempted from registration with the Ohio Division of Securities. Plaintiff sought recovery of his purchase price, plus interest and costs. Plaintiffs brother, Don Eastman, had commenced a legal action for rescission of a sale of stock occurring in May 1981, also naming Hillman and Benchmark Minerals, Inc., as defendants. Hillman, defendant herein, filed a third-party complaint against plaintiff, seeking indemnity from plaintiff for any judgment. Defendant obtained a default judgment against plaintiff in that action. In his answer, defendant asserted that plaintiffs suit was barred by both res judicata and the statute of limitations. The trial court determined that plaintiffs claim against defendant was a permissive and not a compulsory counterclaim and therefore was not barred by res judicata. Also, the trial court held that plaintiff’s action was timely brought and it awarded judgment to plaintiff. Plaintiff was also awarded a default judgment against Benchmark Minerals, Inc. Defendant asserts the following three assignments of error: “1. The judgment in case No. 83CV-03-1818 is res judicata to the ap-pellee’s action because this action represents a mandatory counterclaim -under Rule 13(A) of the Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure that should have been asserted in the prior action. “2. The court erred by overruling defendant’s motion for summary judgment based upon the bar of the statute of limitations, due to the fact that-as a matter of law the plaintiff was charged with knowledge of the fact that the stock exemption form 3-0 had not been filed when he participated in the sale of said stock to his brother in May, 1981, as well as when the plaintiff/appellee became a director in Benchmark Minerals, Inc. in September of 1981. “3. The court erred in finding that the defendant was in violation of *257 section 1707.43 of the Ohio Revised Code when he aided in the sale of the stock of Benchmark Minerals, Inc. to the plaintiff.” In his first assignment of error, defendant contends that the prior civil action terminated in his favor was res judicata to plaintiff’s action. He contends that plaintiffs present action was a compulsory counterclaim to the prior action involving defendant and plaintiffs brother. Civ. R. 13(A), which defines a compulsory counterclaim, provides that: “A pleading shall state as a counterclaim any claim which at the time of serving the pleading the pleader has against any opposing party, if it arises out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party’s claim and does not require for its adjudication the presence of third parties of whom the court cannot acquire jurisdiction. But the pleader need not state the claim if (1) at the time the action was commenced the claim was the subject of another pending action, or (2) the opposing party brought suit upon his claim by attachment or other process by which the court did not acquire jurisdiction to render a personal judgment on that claim, and the pleader is not stating any counterclaim under this Rule 13.” The Ohio version of Civ. R. 13(A) is identical to Fed. R. Civ. P. 13(a). Although several- tests have been suggested, primary focus is attached to a flexible test of reviewing the transaction to determine whether there is any logical relationship between the claim and the counterclaim. Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure (1971) 42, Section 1410; McCormac, Ohio Civil Rules Practice (1970) 176, Section 8.04. Here, the two claims against defendant filed by plaintiff and plaintiff’s brother arose out of two separate transactions. Plaintiff purchased his stock in January 1981 while plaintiff’s brother purchased his stock in May 1981. Additionally, plaintiff’s cause of action against defendant was based upon defendant’s failure to register the stock with the Ohio Division of Securities for an exemption. Therefore, the two suits might not involve identical issues of law and fact. Therefore, the two actions or claims did not arise out of the same transaction. Inasmuch as plaintiff’s suit did not arise out of the same transaction as the other suit, it did not constitute a compulsory counterclaim. Accordingly, plaintiff’s failure to assert the counterclaim in the other action is not res judi-cata and is not a bar to the present action. Defendant’s first assignment of error is overruled. In his second assignment of error, defendant urges it was error for the trial court not to grant him a summary judgment based on plaintiff’s claim being barred by the two-year statute of limitations. Defendant argues that, as a matter of law, by becoming a director of Benchmark plaintiff was charged with the knowledge that the stock exemption form 3-0 had not been filed. Defendant cites no case law for his proposition that, as a matter of law, R.C. 1707.44(C)(1) imputes knowledge to plaintiff as to whether the stock is registered or the exemption filed. There is also no case law cited holding that plaintiff, merely by becoming a director, was charged with knowledge regarding the registration or exemption of the stock. Although members of a board of directors may have, by the nature of their position, extensive knowledge of all aspects of the corporation, whether a director has actual knowledge must be determined on a case-by-case basis according to the facts. Frequently, directors rely on the expertise of a corporation’s officers that the corporation *258 is in compliance with statutes and regulations. In the absence of a factual background which shows that a shareholder knew that shares of stock were not properly registered or exempted, the two-year statute of limitations provided in R.C. 1707.43 begins to run upon the actual discovery of the defect. Here, the trial court held that defendant failed to show that plaintiff knew or should have known of the failure to register. Therefore, it was not error to hold that plaintiffs claim was timely filed. Defendant’s second assignment of error is overruled. Defendant’s final assignment of error, that he was not in violation of R.C. 1707.43, is also not well-taken. Defendant contends that a finding of liability will create strict liability for innocent employees of a corporation who aid in the sale of stock. However, no such rule of strict or absolute liability is created regarding corporate employees who assist in the sale of stock. Here, defendant was more than an innocent employee; he was an officer of the corporation who had particularized and intimate knowledge of all aspects of the corporation, which fact pattern permits a trial court to consider whether plaintiff was damaged by defendant’s failure to register the shares of stock or receive an exemption. Defendant’s third assignment of error is overruled. Defendant’s three assignments of error are overruled, and the judgment of the common pleas court is affirmed. Judgment affirmed. Tyack and Cook, JJ., concur. Cook, J., of the Eleventh Appellate District, sitting by assignment in the Tenth Appellate District.